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in 2022 with funding from 
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https://archive.org/details/surveyoflibrarieO2amer 


A Survey of Libraries 


in the 


United States 










ead, 1927 


%,  S 
CONDUCTED BY THE “OL ogie4, of : 
AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 


VOLUME ONE 


Administrative Work of Public Libraries 
and of College and University Libraries 


CHICAGO 


AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 
1926 


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CONTENTS 


Page 
EROTIC TION icetits eee he ae Cie Lah Behe tists Ee ole Ghee oe Ok 7 
PART I 
Administrative Work of Public Libraries 
(HAPTER I, ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION ©. /. 50s 4 cic delee cles 17 


I. Organization of Board. 
School board control—The library and commission gov- 
ernment—Self-perpetuating boards—Usual methods of ap- 
pointment—Frequency of meetings—Committee organization. 


II. Executive Departments and Divisions. 
CHAPTER II. STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES AND USE........... 27 


The significance of comparative statistics—Explanation 
of tables—Per capita expenditures—Per capita circula- 
tion—Expenditures per volume circulated—Percentage of 
total expenditures spent for salaries—for books, periodi- 
cals, and binding—for general maintenance—Percentage of 
fiction in the total circulation—Percentage of population 
registered as borrowers—Circulation per registered  bor- 
rower. 


CHAPTER III. SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL....... oe 


I. Principles of Book Selection. 
General principles—Textbooks—“Restricted” books—Pur- 
chases in special fields. 


II. Methods of Book Selection. 

“The final authority’—Staff co-operation—Inter-library 
co-operation—Recommendations from readers—Appraisal 
of books by volunteers—Books on approval—Duplication 
and replacement—Records of new accessions.—Prices and 
discounts. 


4 CONTENTS 
Page 
III. Gifts. 
Campaigning for gifts—Individual solicitation—Accep- 
tance and acknowledgment of gifts—Disposition of dupli- 
cates and discards—Conditional gifts and deposits. 


GHAPTER Vo -LAE STARE) 02 yoga Gaeta 87 


I. Civil Service and Graded Service. 
Libraries under civil service—Graded service in libraries. 
Il. Certification. 
California—Iowa—New York—Ohio—Oklahoma—South 
Dakota—T ennessee—Texas—Utah— Wisconsin. 


III. Appointments and Promotions. 

Appointment of librarian—Staff appointments—Examina- 
tions for appointment—Principles of promotion—-Promo- 
tional tests—Efficiency rating—Intelligence tests. 

IV. Duties and Qualifications. 

Librarian—Assistant librarian—Department heads—Di- 
vision chiefs—Branch librarian—Senior assistant—Junior 
assistant—Classification of service in Chicago Public Li- 
brary—in New York Public Library—Statistics of Educa- 
tion and training. 


V. Salaries. 


VI. Working Conditions. 
Hours of work—Sunday and holiday work—Overtime 
work and lost time—Vacations—Library conferences—Sick- 
leave—Physical examinations. 


VII. Staff Privileges and Welfare. 
Staff reading—Study courses—Staff meetings. 


PART II 
Admuimstrative Work of College and University Libraries 
CHAPTER! Ij) “ADMINISTRATIVE: ORGANIZATION (004 sae ne 159 
I. Board and Committee Organization. 


Library committees—Libraries with one committee—Li- 
braries with two committees—Practice in smaller libraries. 


Il. Departmental and Seminar Libraries. 
Lack of uniform terminology—Definitions adopted by the 


CONTENTS 


» 


Page 


Survey—Reports from individual libraries—Extent of de- 
partmentalization—Purchase of books for departmental 
libraries—Departmental library service-—Pay for depart- 
mental service—Departmental catalogs—Centralization of 
administration—Departmental libraries in smaller universi- 
ties and colleges. 


III. Executive Departments and Divisions. 
PTAPTER (1, OOTATISTICS OF LLLXPENDITURES 1 Oe ee aed Sie ei ie 


The significance of comparative statistics—Explanation of 
tables—Proportionate amounts spent for (a) books, periodi- 
cals, and binding, and (b) salaries—Per capita expenditures 
for books, periodicals, and binding—Per capita expenditures 
for salaries—Percentage of income devoted to the library. 


CHAPTER III. SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL....... 


I. Apportionment and Control of Book Funds. 

Various systems of handling funds—Divided book funds 
—Centralized book funds, unapportioned—Centralized book 
funds, apportioned—Apportionment to schools and colleges 
—Apportionment to subjects—Apportionment to depart- 
ments. 

II. Principles and Methods of Book Selection. 

General principles—Relations between librarian and 
faculty—Temporary cataloging of new accessions—Duplica- 
tion—Gifts. 

III. The Field of Purchase. 

General scope of purchases—Co-operation in book 

purchase. 
IV. Exchanges. 

Sources of material—Methods of handling exchanges— 
Extent of exchange service—Basis of exchange—Exchange 
of duplicates. 


CSE RELESE VA OL TLE LOTALE Fete ee a aa ee ee 


I. Appointments and Promotions. 
Appointment of librarian—Staff appointments—Intelli- 
gence tests. 


213 


258 


6 CONTENTS 
Page 
II. Qualifications. 
University of Washington Library’s salary schedule— 
Statistics of education and training. 
III. Salaries. 
IV. Working Conditions. 
Hours of work—Sunday and holiday work—Vacations— 
Size of staff. 
V. Staff Privileges and Welfare. 
Borrowing privileges—Library conferences—Staff meet- 
ings—Staff insurance, retiring funds, etc. 


INTRODUCTION 


The Library Survey had its origin in the appointment of a 
“Committee of Five on Library Service’ by President W. W. 
Bishop on February 26, 1919. It was intended at first to 
finance it as part of the proposed Enlarged Program. When 
this proved impracticable, the Committee decided to under- 
take the work on a voluntary basis and had made some 
progress when, in 1924, a grant from the Carnegie Corpora- 
tion enabled it to go forward more rapidly, with the aid of an 
expert director and an office staff. The size of the Commit- 
tee was increased to six and its name changed to “Committee 
on Library Survey.” The decision of the Fiftieth Anni- 
versary Committee to issue certain publications as an incident 
of its work and to include the reports of the Survey in these, 
is responsible for the appearance of these first volumes here 
and now. 

Besides the present members, whose names appear below, 
the following persons have also served on the committee: 
Carl H. Milam, Henry N. Sanborn, and C. C. Williamson. 
The late Mr. Sanborn in particular did valuable work on the 
questionnaire in its early stages, and the committee was also 
assisted in its task by several hundred volunteer workers 
from every branch of the profession. To all these, too 
numerous to be named here separately, we give our hearty 
thanks. 

We desire also to thank the Board of Directors of the St. 
Louis Public Library for giving the staff of the Survey 
house-room in the Cabanne Branch of that library. With 
the chairman of the committee and one other member in St. 
Louis, it has been thus possible to hold conferences with the 
director on short notice, and to decide matters of detail in a 


7 


8 INTRODUCTION 


way that would have been impossible if it had been necessary 
to carry on the work by correspondence. 

The purposes and aims of the Survey are set forth in the 
following introduction by the director, Mr. C. Seymour 
Thompson. The Committee esteems itself most fortunate in 
having been able to secure for this work a librarian of ex- 
perience and judgment who is at the same time a capable 
writer and editor. He has been able to carry forward the 
work and to assemble and state its results in the exact form 
most satisfactory to us, and we feel that his willingness to 
give up the librarianship of an important library to undertake 
it entitles him to the gratitude of the whole library profession. 
What he has accomplished speaks for itself. 

THE COMMITEE TER ON VEIBRATOY 5 Ulva 
ArTHUR E. Bostwick, Chairman 
CHARLES H. CoMPTON 
Joun B. KAISER 
FLORENCE OVERTON 
AZARIAH S. Root 
BESSIE SARGEANT SMITH 


DIRECTOR’S INTRODUCTION 


As stated in the questionnaire which formed the principal 
basis of our investigation, the object of the Survey has been 
“to give an honest, fair, unbiased statement of facts, based 
on actual conditions in library work in America, concerning 
every phase of library maintenance, administration, and 
service.” Literal and complete fulfillment of this purpose 
was obviously impossible, for no one investigation, in a field 
so vast as the field of library work, can even approximate 
completeness. This purpose, however, has been the goal at 
which we have consistently aimed throughout our work, with 
the hope of producing, at least, a reasonably complete account 
of existing conditions and methods of library service in the 
United States. 

At the time when this introduction is written, the first two 
volumes of the report, treating separately of public libraries 
and of college and university libraries, are in course of pub- 
lication. Volume one is devoted to some of the most funda- 
mental phases of administration, exclusive of the highly tech- 
nical and specialized; volume two considers the principal 
forms of service rendered to adult readers (exclusive of the 
work with children in public libraries) and some of the ad- 
ministrative problems directly connected with this service. 
A third volume, now in course of preparation, will contain 
the reports on various forms of extension work and commu- 
nity service in public libraries, on their work with children, 
and on school libraries. A fourth volume is planned, to 
cover the more technical departments and problems of library 
administration. 

For the information which the Survey sought to obtain it 
was necessary to rely almost entirely on the questionnaire 


9 


10 INTRODUCTION 


method. A very detailed questionnaire was sent in Novem- 
ber, 1924, to 3,034 institutions. Of these, 711 were the 
libraries of colleges or universities, and 2,323 were public 
or semi-public libraries, including the state libraries and a 
few subscription libraries, institutional libraries, and several 
of other special types. The questionnaire was sent only to 
libraries of more than 5,000 volumes, for it was considered 
useless to try to gather information from smaller libraries by 
means of an elaborate questionnaire. Replies were received 
from 1,504 institutions, or 49.5 per cent. of the entire num- 
ber. Among these were 1,243 public or semi-public libraries 
and 261 college and university libraries. These figures do 
not include a few replies which came later than January 1, 
1926, when they were too late to be included in our study. 
There is cause for regret in the fact that the percentage of 
returns was not higher, and in the fact that no reports were 
received from several libraries from which valuable contri- 
butions had been expected. Especially regrettable is the en- 
forced omission from the report of Milwaukee, Wis., New- 
ark, N. J., Providence, R. I., and Springfield, Mass., among 
the public libraries, and, among the universities (except for 
information contributed in correspondence on two or three 
topics), of Columbia, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and the Uni- 
versity of Illinois. 

The purpose of the Survey was to present all of the essen- 
tial facts which could be ascertained, concerning existing 
conditions and methods and service, without critical comment 
of any kind. Brief interpretive comment has been inserted 
in a very few cases, where such comment seemed necessary in 
order to avoid the possibility of misinterpretation of the 
facts. Criticism and evaluation, however, have been studi- 
ously avoided, and no statement that is made in the report 
should be taken as either representing or reflecting, to the 


INTRODUCTION 11 


slightest extent, the opinions or views of anyone connected 
with the Survey. 

Some degree of editorial selection was necessarily involved 
in the presentation of the essential facts. A very considerable 
part of the information elicited by the questionnaire was un- 
important or irrelevant; much of it was of uncertain signifi- 
cance; some of it was manifestly inaccurate. We have tried 
to eliminate all the irrelevant, and we have tried particularly 
to eliminate all that was of such doubtful significance that 
its presentation would be subject to misinterpretation. In- 
clusiveness and completeness have been sacrificed, wherever 
necessary, in the interest of the highest attainable degree of 
accuracy and reliability. We have tried, however, to omit 
nothing which contained anything of constructive value. 

In summarizing what seemed to be the essential facts on 
each topic, we have tried, in general, to do three things: to 
present an accurate description of the most generally pre- 
vailing forms of practice, distinguishing wherever necessary 
between libraries of different sizes or types; to describe, like- 
wise, the important variations from the prevailing forms; 
and to cite, wherever possible, some of the most interesting 
illustrations both of the prevailing forms and of the less 
usual. 

With few exceptions, the statements of general practice 
are expressed in general terms, rather than in figures. This 
is because on many topics, if not on most, it was thought that 
exact numerical statements would have no real significance, 
and because there were few topics on which the available in- 
formation permitted the making of numerical statements, the 
reliability of which would not be seriously questionable. In 
many cases there was reason to suspect that the same reply 
from different libraries did not have the same meaning, either 
because the question had been understood in different ways 
or because the replies, if amplified, would have been differ- 


ys INTRODUCTION 


ent. The process of verifying statements written for the 
preliminary draft of the report has brought most convincing 
evidence that such suspicions were abundantly justified. We 
have therefore made frequent use of such phrases as “in 
many of the large libraries,” “most of the smaller libraries,” 
and “approximately two-thirds of the libraries reporting,” 
sacrificing the appearance of mathematical precision in favor 
of more general statements, seemingly less scientific but in 
reality more trustworthy. We have endeavored to verify all 
statements made in the report, first by carefully checking 
back with the replies to the questionnaire, and then by sub- 
mitting to the librarians concerned, for their approval or cor- 
rection, all statements concerning which there seemed to be 
any possibility of misinterpretation of their replies. 

The reader should remember that all statements that are 
made, whether in figures or in general terms, regarding the 
prevalence of different forms of practice, are based only on 
the answers to the questionnaire. On no one subject is it 
possible to say that a certain percentage of the libraries of 
the United States follow a certain form of practice. It 
seems, however, that the report is based on a sufficiently 
large number of libraries to give a representative cross-sec- 
tion view of the entire field, and that a larger number of re- 
plies would have increased the number of facts without ma- 
terially altering the significance of the facts which are here 
presented. 

In the citation of individual libraries we have tried to se- 
lect, for illustration of different statements, as large a num- 
ber of libraries as possible, representing different types or 
sizes, or different sections of the country. Here too, how- 
ever, we have been limited by the amount of information 
that was given us. Our request that all questions be an- 
swered “as fully and as definitely as possible’ was complied 
with much more literally by some than by others, and this 


INTRODUCTION 13 


fact has very largely determined the selection of libraries for 
individual mention. All citations should be accepted mere- 
ly as selective and illustrative. 

It has not been possible to give as much attention as we 
should have liked to maintaining proper proportion in space. 
The amount of information which could be given on any 
topic was necessarily determined, to a considerable extent, 
by the amount of information which we were able to obtain 
rather than by the relative importance of the subject, and 
these two factors unfortunately did not always correspond. 

For purposes of study and analysis of the questionnaires 
the public libraries and the college and university libraries 
were divided into four classes according to the number of 
volumes: Class A (more than 100,000 volumes), Class B 
(50,000-100,000 volumes), Class C  (20,000-50,000  vol- 
umes); Class D (less than 20,000 volumes). Wherever 
close distinction seemed both desirable and possible libraries 
have been referred to in the report as the libraries of Class 
A, B, C, or D. In many cases the dividing lines can not be 
drawn closely enough to make such distinctions possible, or 
the point involved does not seem of sufficient importance to 
warrant such close differentiation. More general compari- 
sons are therefore made in some cases between the large li- 
braries and the small. 

In referring to individual libraries the full name of the 
library has been given in all cases where it could not be ab- 
breviated without danger of ambiguity. In general it has 
not seemed desirable to give the full names in most cases 
where there was no such danger. In the chapters relating to 
public libraries, wherever the name of a city is mentioned 
alone the reference is to the public library of that city. In the 
chapters relating to college and university libraries, wher- 
ever the name of a state is mentioned alone the reference is 
to the state university of that state. At the end of each 


14 INTRODUCTION 


volume is a list of all the libraries which are mentioned by 
name in the text, giving the official name of each. 

All quoted matter, unless otherwise indicated, is taken 
either from the reply to the questionnaire sent by the library 
referred to or from correspondence with the librarian of that 
library. 

The director can not permit himself to close this introduc- 
tion without a necessarily inadequate expression of his grati- 
tude for the assistance he has received, both from all those 
who have been officially connected with the Survey and 
from many other librarians who have responded most help- 
fully to requests for information or for advice. Fortunately 
for the Survey, though unfortunately for the purpose of 
acknowledgment, these friends from outside are too numer- 
ous to mention by name. Miss Flora Brown, formerly of 
the Public Library of the District of Columbia, has served 
as assistant director so satisfactorily that without her our 
work would have lacked much of whatever merit it may 
possess. Valuable assistance in the study and analysis of 
different portions of the questionnaire hag been given by the 
following, all of whom have served for periods of varying 
lengths: Miss Esther M. Fredrickson, formerly of the St. 
Joseph Public Library and now with the Wisconsin Free 
Library Commission; Mrs. Lamiza B. Lambert, formerly of 
the St. Louis Public Library; Miss Margaret L. Pilcher, 
chief assistant in the reference department of the St. Louis 
Public Library; and Miss Blanche Robertson, formerly of 
the Seattle Public Library. To all of these, it is a pleasure 
to make grateful acknowledgment; and, finally, to the chair- 
man and the members of the committee for the kindly co- 
operation, advice, and criticism without which our work 
could not have been done. 

C. SEYMouR THOMPSON. 

St. Louis, Mo. 

June 14, 1926. 


Acs lead 


Administrative Work of Public Libraries 





CHAPTER [| 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION: 
PUBLIC LIBRARIES 


I. ORGANIZATION OF BOARD 


The governing boards of public libraries are designated 
in different cities by various names, of which board 
of trustees and board of directors are most common. The 
official designation in many states is suggested, if not pre- 
scribed, by the terminology of the law which provides for 
the appointment and organization of the board. In this re- 
port the term board of trustees, which is in most common 
use, or the less official term “the library board,” is employed 
with reference to the body, by whatever name it may be 
called, in which power of administration of the library is 
vested either by state law, by municipal charter or ordinance, 
or by special charter. 

Some libraries have no separate library board, but are under 
the control of some other body. Thus, under the school dis- 
trict form of organization the library is operated, in some 
states, under the school board or board of education, as in 
Indianapolis and Kansas City. In Ohio, school district public 
libraries were formerly under the direction of the school 
board of the district, but under a law which was passed in 1923 
direct management of a public library by a board of education 
is no longer legal, and a separate library board must be ap- 
pointed. County libraries in California, Montana, and Texas 
are directly under the supervision of the governing board of 
the county. In some of the cities which are under the city 
manager form of government the library is directly under the 


17 


18 PusiLic LIBRARIES 


control of the city manager, the mayor, the council, or the 
commission, and there is no library board. 

School board control.—The following reports are illus- 
trative of the methods of administration and control of pub- 
lic libraries which are under school board direction. 

In Kalamazoo the school board of the district has general 
supervision and control of all matters pertaining to the 
library. It has a library committee, which serves principally 
as an advisory book committee. The librarian is responsible 
to the school board for the administration and the activities 
of the library, and attends a meeting of the board once a 
month with a report and recommendations. In Flint there 
is likewise a committee of three members of the board of 
education, which has supervision of the library and _ the 
museum, and makes its recommendations to the board. 

Indianapolis Public Library operates under the board of 
school commissioners and a special school statute governing 
Indianapolis alone, providing for a library fund as part of 
the school budget. The board has committees on library, on 
building and grounds, and on finance. 

In Kansas City two members of the school board form a 
library committee, through which the librarian has most of 
his contact with the board. The committee does not assume 
any direct control of the library, but approves large pur- 
chases, appointments, budgets, and other important ‘matters. 

In Muskegon, where an art gallery is legally, though not 
administratively, a part of the public library, the board of 
education has a committee of three on the library and art 
gallery, and also a committee on buildings and grounds which 
sometimes considers library matters. The librarian is re- 
sponsible directly to the board. 

One library which is under school board control com- 
ments thus on the operation of the system. “The one draw- 
back is the engrossment of the interests of the board mem- 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 19 


bers, both individually and collectively, in school matters, 
and a complacent security that the library is running all right. 
We need a board to interpret the library to the community 
and the community to the library; one which will be recog- 
nized by all citizens as identified with the library, and not 
merely with the schools. But the present administration 
could never have made the progress that it has, under the city 
government. More freedom of action and more increase in 
income have come from this system.” 

The library and commission government.—The fol- 
lowing reports illustrate various forms of relationship be- 
tween the library and the municipal administration in cities 
which have the city manager form of government. 

In Berkeley the status of the library was somewhat 
strengthened, but otherwise unchanged, when the city manager 
form was adopted in 1923. The librarian is responsible 
to a board of five trustees, who are appointed by the city 
council. Janesville, Wis., has a library board of ten mem- 
bers, appointed by the city council. The city manager is 
president of the board. Knoxville has a board of nine mem- 
bers, appointed by the city council. Pasadena has a board 
of five, appointed by the city directors, with the chairman 
of the city directors a member ev officio. In Sacramento 
and in Stockton the library and the librarian are directly 
under the supervision and control of the city manager, and 
there is no library board; in Long Beach there is an advisory 
book committee, but no board. 

In Duluth, under commission government, the library is 
directly under the mayor, who is commissioner of public 
affairs. In St. Paul the library is a bureau of the depart- 
ment of education, under the commissioner of education, co- 
ordinate with the bureau of schools. There is a library ad- 
visory board, with powers of inspection and recommenda- 
tion only. It consists of one citizen from each of the twelve 


20 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


wards, appointed by the commissioner of education; the 
superintendent of schools; the principals of the four high 
schools; and one teacher, elected by the whole body of 
teachers. A “citizens’ library committee” is reported also by 
Indianapolis, which is under the control of the district school 
board; the members are appointed annually by the president 
of the school board, and have advisory duties only. 

Comments on the city manager form of government, as it 
affects the library, are as- follows: “The city manager ap- 
pointed a better type of trustee during the short time this 
form of government was in effect.” “The city manager form 
here gives the librarian an unusual degree of independence, 
which works very satisfactorily from both the administrative 
and the financial standpoint. I can conceive of conditions 
when the support and interest of a library board would be 
desirable.” ‘From the standpoint of the city as a whole this 
centralization no doubt has definite advantages; from the 
standpoint of a relatively small, highly specialized department 
such as the library there are definite disadvantages which 
we have not yet overcome.” 

Self-perpetuating boards.—The self-perpetuating board 
is usually found only in libraries which have been es- 
tablished under special legislation, or libraries which were 
formerly owned by private individuals, corporations, or as- 
sociations, and were transferred to the ownership and con- 
trol of the city, sometimes with an explicit agreement that 
the board should retain the privilege of filling vacancies in its 
membership. Among the larger libraries which have self- 
perpetuating boards are the New York Public Library, the 
Library Association of Portland, Ore., San Francisco Public 
Library, and (subject to the approval of new appointments 
by the city council, which has veto power only) Bridgeport 
Public Library. In Wilmington, Del., there are ten self- 
perpetuating members and eight ex officio members. In 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 21 


New Orleans there is a self-perpetuating board of eight, 
plus each retiring mayor as a life member. Some indication 
of the prevalence of the self-perpetuating board, in the 
library field as a whole, is seen in the fact that approximately 
one-fifth of all the libraries reporting of more than 20,000 
volumes, have boards which are wholly or partly self-per- 
petuating. Among the smaller libraries few are reported. 

The Colorado law provides that the first members of a 
public library board shall be appointed by the mayor, and 
that thereafter vacancies, arising from expiration of terms 
or from other causes, shall be filled by the remaining mem- 
bers of the board. 

Usual methods of appointment of board members.— 
The boards of trustees of municipal libraries, except where 
special provisions are made by law or by charter, are usually 
chosen in one of three ways: the members may be appointed, 
either by the mayor or other chief executive of the city or 
town, by the city council, or by other bodies or officials who 
may be designated by law; they may be chosen by vote of the 
people at a general or special election; or, as indicated above, 
the board may be a self-perpetuating body. The laws of 
seven states (Alabama, Arkansas, Maine, Mississippi, New 
Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming) contain no provision for the 
appointment of a board in municipal libraries. Among the 
remaining states, an appointive board is provided for in 
thirty-two; a self-perpetuating board in one; a board elected 
by the people in four (Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
shire, and Vermont) ; and in four (California, Connecticut, 
Illinois, and Washington) election is provided for some 
municipalities and appointment for others. 

Further information concerning methods of appointment 
or election of board members is given in an appendix to vol- 
ume two, which treats of legislation governing the establish- 
ment, maintenance, and administration of public libraries. 


2? PusiLic LIBRARIES 


Frequency of meetings.—In approximately 80 per cent. 
of all the libraries reporting, regular meetings of the board 
are held once a month (with the exception, frequently, of one 
or two summer months), and in several of the larger libraries 
they are held twice a month. A tendency toward less fre- 
quent meetings is much more noticeable among the small 
libraries than among the larger. 

Among the libraries which report meetings twice a month 
are Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, 
Los Angeles, Oakland, Salt Lake City, and Terre Haute. 
Several of these state that special meetings also are occa- 
sionally held. 

Among the libraries where meetings are held quarterly are 
the Enoch Pratt Free Library and the John Crerar Library; 
Bangor, Me., New Rochelle, N. Y., the Reynolds Library in 
Rochester, and Westerly, R. I. One regular meeting a year 
is reported by the Silas Bronson Library in Waterbury, 
Conn., by Danbury, Conn., Derby, Conn., and Woodstock, 
Vt. In Waterbury the board consists of twelve members, 
eight of whom are required for a quorum. In Danbury an 
executive committee of three determines questions of policy, 
and a book committee of three signs invoices. 

The Grand Rapids Public Library, where regular meetings 
are held once a month by the board of five members, reports 
that in twenty-one years no meeting has ever failed from lack 
of a quorum. 

Committee organization.—No relation is apparent be- 
tween the frequency or infrequency of board meetings and 
the number of committees. Among the libraries where the 
board meets once a year, Waterbury has one committee, an 
auditing committee which has one meeting a year. Danbury 
and Derby have two committees, and Woodstock has none 
except the two trustees of the endowment fund. Among the 
libraries where the board meets twice a month, Terre Haute 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 23 


has no committees, Kansas City has one, Oakland and Salt 
Lake City, five, and Los Angeles, nine. The number of com- 
mittees is apparently independent also of the number of 
members on the board. 

More than half of the libraries reporting have either three, 
four, or five committees. Among the others there are wide 
variations, both above and below these averages. For ex- 
ample, in Berkeley, Flint, and Riverside, there is only one 
committee; Brookline, Buffalo, and Pomona, have two. Six 
committees are reported by Brooklyn, Evanston, New York, 
St. Joseph, St. Louis, Seattle, and Toledo; seven by Brock- 
ton; eight by San Francisco; and nine by Los Angeles and 
Washington. A rather intricate organization is reported also 
by many of the smaller libraries. One library of 40,000 
volumes, with a board of seven members, has six committees : 
on books and magazines; finance and business management ; 
employes; buildings and supplies; library extension; gifts 
and endowments. Another, of 25,000 volumes, with a board 
of twelve members, has eight committees : on books and maga- 
zines; children’s room; publicity; extension; schools; 
grounds; building; supplies. Another, of 40,000 volumes, 
with a board of six, reports the following committees: one to 
buy fiction, one to buy non-fiction, one on care of the build- 
ing, one on the children’s room, one on renewal of maga- 
zines, one on coal, and one for each branch. On the other 
hand, nearly one-fourth of the smaller libraries and several 
of the larger, have no standing committees at all. 

Individuality seems to govern also the names and the 
functions attached to committees in different libraries. Al- 
though the average number of committees for one library is 
three or four, fifty-two libraries in Class A (more than 
100,000 volumes) report committees of twenty-seven differ- 
ent names (not including separately committees whose func- 
tions are evidently the same, though the names differ slight- 


4 PuBLIc LIBRARIES 


ly), and fifty-eight libraries in Class B (50,000-100,000 vol- 
umes) contribute eight more varieties. Differences in 
nomenclature make it difficult to relate the committee organi- 
zation of one library to that of another. For example, “ad- 
ministration” committees sometimes apparently correspond to 
the “executive” committees of others, and sometimes the 
same library has committees of both names; a finance com- 
mittee may consider all matters relating to finances, or it 
may share these matters-with a committee on auditing, on 
budget, or on ways and means. 

Most popular among the numerous branches of the com- 
mittee family are those concerned with finances; with the 
administration of the library (administration, executive, li- 
brary, rules, etc.) ; with the purchase of books; and with the 
care of building and grounds. Among other committees, 
with fewer representatives, are committees on donations, on 
education, on public schools, on municipal relations, on com- 
munity, on public service, on complaints, on welfare, and on 
social amenities. 

Among the libraries where the board acts as a committee 
of the whole, with no standing committees but with special 
committees appointed when need for committee action arises, 
are Gary, the Grosvenor Library, San Diego, and Tacoma, in 
Class A, and Pasadena, Saginaw, Sioux City, Terre Haute, 
and Westerly, in Class B. 


Il, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS 


No satisfactory report can be presented, on the basis of the 
information at hand, concerning the departmental organiza- 
tion of the staff in public libraries. In the report on the 
organization of college and university libraries (pages 195-96) 
a department is defined as a distinct unit in the administration 
of the library and the performance of its work, with its own 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION fas 


chief, who is directly responsible to the chief librarian, and 
usually also with a separate departmental staff, responsible to 
the head of the department. A division is defined as a dis- 
tinct unit in the organization of a department, in charge of 
some definite part of the department’s work; usually with its 
own chief, who is immediately responsible to and under the 
direction of the head of the department, and often with a 
separate divisional staff of one or more assistants. Because 
of the greater ramifications of the work of public libraries, 
these definitions can be used to gauge the answers to the 
questionnaire from public libraries with even less certainty 
than with the college and university replies. The most usual 
departments are so well known that they need no mention; 
the less usual show so many variations of nomenclature and 
of functions, and so many combinations, that we can do no 
better than to present the outline of departmental organiza- 
tion reported by several libraries, by way of illustration. 

Berkeley, Calif.: Administrative department (including 
order work) ; catalog department (including binding and re- 
pair) ; readers’ department (including reference, circulation, 
periodicals, documents, and schools); branch department ; 
children’s department (including picture collection). 

Birmingham, Ala.: Reference; circulation; children’s and 
schools ; catalog and order. 

Denver, Col.: Circulation; reference; order; catalog; 
training class; branches; extension; schools; children’s. 

Grand Rapids, Mich.: Reference; order; catalog; circula- 
tion; children’s; branches. 

Indianapolis, Ind.: Office; branches; order; cataloging; 
binding ; stations; children’s (including school libraries divi- 
sion) ; circulation; reference; technical; reading room (in- 
cluding periodical division) ; art and music; reader’s adviser 
or out-of-school division. 


26 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Louisville, Ky.: Order; catalog; circulation; reference; 
children’s ; stations ; colored. 

New Haven, Conn.: Loan; reference; business and in- 
dustrial; art; children’s; high school reference; teachers’; 
catalog ; order and accession. 

Oakland, Calif.: Executive (includes accounting and 
order); circulation and registration; reference and docu- 
ment; catalog (does not catalog for branches) ; children’s 
(includes pictures); magazine and music; bookmending ; 
branch department (does book buying and cataloging for 
branches). 

Omaha, Neb.: Lending; reference; children’s; extension ; 
book order ; catalog. 

Seattle, Wash.: Order; catalog; circulation (includes 
foreign division) ; children’s (includes schools division) ; ref- 
erence (includes general reference, art and technology, and 
periodical divisions) ; branch (includes stations) ; mechani- 
cal; bindery. 

Wilmington, Del.: Cataloging; circulation; reference; 
juvenile. 

It must be remembered that there is no indication as to 
how nearly any of these reports conform with the definitions 
stated above. It is probable that many of the departments 
are merely recognitions of various parts of the library’s work 
as more or less distinct from other parts, and do not repre- 
sent distinct departmental organization of the staff. Perhaps 
enough reports have been cited to explain the absence of any 
generalizations concerning the principles of departmental 
organization. 


CHAPTER II 


SOP GMO Ceaeg GID GOR ALE OIE a ey eg DMO ioe 
PUBLIC LIBRARIES 


Every librarian knows the difficulties, arising from differ- 
ences in local conditions, in methods of administration, or 
in statistical methods, of making accurate statistical compari- 
sons between individual libraries. Some of these differences 
were discussed at the conference of librarians of large public 
libraries, in Chicago, January 1-2, 1925. (See the mimeo- 
graphed Proceedings of that conference.) In many cases, 
full knowledge of local conditions and methods would 
merely explain the reason why certain figures are higher or 
lower in one library than in another, without altering the 
fact that they are higher or lower; in other cases such 
knowledge would show that if the two libraries were put on 
exactly the same basis of comparison in all respects (assum- 
ing that this could be done), the apparent differences would 
become very much less or would disappear. Uniform sta- 
tistics, for purposes of accurate comparison, seem to be still 
an unattained goal. 

In compiling the statistics which are given in this chapter, 
every possible effort has been made to ensure their absolute 
accuracy, and all the figures have been verified in corre- 
spondence with the libraries mentioned. We have endeavored © 
also to co-ordinate the reports from all libraries, in order 
that all might be presented, so far as possible, on the same 
basis. The tables, however, are not presented for purposes 
of “rating”? or comparison, and they should not be used for 
such purposes without more detailed knowledge of the cir- 
cumstances in each case than it is possible to present in this 


tH 


28 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


report. The figures that are given in each table merely repre- 
sent certain facts concerning the libraries mentioned, in one 
particular year, and may be taken as representative of what 
certain libraries are doing. For comparisons of “efficiency” 
they would be utterly unreliable. For computation of 
“averages” they would involve an uncertain, but unquestion- 
ably very large, percentage of error. 


EXPLANATION OF TABLES 


Most of the reports are for a fiscal year 1923-24 or for the 
calendar year 1924. So far as possible, in all tables in which 
population is involved as one factor, the computations for 
each library are based on the population in the year that is 
represented in the statistics of expenditure and use, taking 
the United States Census Bureau’s estimates of population 
“as of July 1” of the year most closely corresponding to the 
year of the report. This could not be done for any of the 
libraries in Class D, and for a few of the libraries in Class C, 
because the annual estimates of the Census Bureau do not 
include cities or towns of less than 8,000 inhabitants. It did 
not seem desirable to accept local estimates of population. 
For all of the libraries in Class D, therefore, the Census 
figures of 1920 were used; for a few larger libraries for 
which population figures and statistics of different years had 
to be taken, the years represented are stated in a footnote. 
A few cities were omitted from tables in which population 
was a factor, because the changes in population had been so 
great that the Census Bureau made no estimates for them. 

The requests for verification of figures brought many ex- 
planatory comments, touching on a great variety of circum- 
stances and conditions: the number of non-reading negroes 
who swell the population, increase the per capita expense and 
lower the per capita circulation; the number of suburban 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 29 


non-residents who are served by the library; the number of 
branches maintained in expensive buildings versus the num- 
ber some other cities maintain in school buildings at lower 
cost; the fact that books are lent for four weeks without re- 
newal, whereas other libraries lend for two weeks, and 
count renewals in the circulation; the fact that much of the 
income is spent on lecture courses or museums or com- 
munity-center activities, or on something else other than 
books—all these considerations, and many others, might help 
to explain some of the statistics of different libraries. In 
general, however, it has not seemed feasible to attempt to ex- 
plain why the figures of individual libraries are not either 
higher or lower. Certain libraries have been omitted alto- 
gether from the tables because of elements which made it 
seem impossible to find a common basis for even a general 
comparison with others. A very few explanatory comments 
are given in footnotes to the tables. Beyond this, the figures 
are left to speak for themselves. If not misinterpreted, they 
undoubtedly will speak with all the veracity which is com- 
monly imputed to figures. 

The statistics are given separately for the libraries in each 
of four classes, grouped according to the number of volumes : 

Class A (more than 100,000 volumes ) 

Class B (50,000-100,000 volumes ) 

Class C (20,000-50,000 volumes ) 

Class D (less than 20,000 volumes ) 


The following nine tables are given for each group: 
Table 1: Per capita expenditures. 


All expenditures reported as “extraordinary expenses,” for 
sites, new buildings, expensive building alterations, or other 
unusual and large expenses, have been deducted from the 
grand total expenditures. 


Table 2: Per capita circulation. 


30 Pustic LIBRARIES 


Table 3: Expenditures per volume circulated. 

“The cost of circulation” is usually one of the first items 
asked for by library trustees, by appropriating bodies, by in- 
terested citizens,—and by librarians. In attempting to com- 
pute this cost individual librarians, with more or less ac- © 
curacy, may deduct from their total expenditures certain esti- 
mated amounts for maintenance of the reference and other 
non-circulating departments, “permanent investments” in 
book-stock, and overhead expense. However accurately such 
computations may be made for any one library (and the de- 
gree of accuracy is always questionable), no basis has been 
discovered on which such deductions can be uniformly made 
as a basis for comparison of one library with others. The 
usual method, therefore, is to divide the number of dollars 
spent by the number of books circulated, and to proclaim the 
result as the cost of circulation, ignoring the fact that a con- 
siderable part of a library’s total expenditure can not properly 
be charged to the distribution of books for home use. 

The following figures, therefore, do not represent the 
“cost of circulation.” They have been compiled, and are in- 
cluded here, merely as some indication of the relation be- 
tween total expenditures and total circulation. 

Table 4: Percentage of total expenditures spent for 
salaries. 

The expenditures for salaries include only the professional 
staff, clerical force, and pages. Janitors, cleaners, etc., are 
not included. 

Table 5: Percentage of total expenditures spent for books, 
periodicals and binding. 

Table 6: Percentage of total expenditures spent for 
general maintenance. 

Under “general maintenance” are included, not only 
“building maintenance,” but all expenses other than for sal- 
aries and for books, periodicals and binding. 


STATISTICS OF CosT AND USE 31 


Table 7: Percentage of fiction in the total circulation. 

This includes both adult and juvenile, combined. Too few 
reports gave the figures separately to make separate tables 
possible. 

Table 8: Percentage of population registered as borrowers. 

Table 9: Circulation per registered borrower. 

These two tables give figures separately for different 
groups, arranged according to the length of the registration 
period. 


CLASS A (more than 100,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: Per CaApirA EXPENDITURES 
Highest Ten (among 38 libraries) : 


Rea e Se ASS aac eels at VU OE MUS boas aca OM ole 4 $1.51 
BOLOMEL ATIC MIC) Cre), Unie -iie.o Barnette See ae ars Sa GN ea a 1.33 
Bee POT EN ASS ee ee sk re rs po ah ey eo els 1.30 
PERC PUG ALL Eire 8 2 fen erate wlmoie ike Le ae ee Oh 1.04 
BROS OULD AGS ee ete Sen a ks Al ie gate anc ne 99 
PaO) Ser ete i RE apy tia kal dle CAT 95 
ier ete apics val iChat. er oe on deg ee oe eee 94 
Baar ML SICO OSU OIE iI EIN eNO os hsy Ula Wie ae ete a 87 
MIAN ADOUS EIN, ake Le. ovy el Sete ee 84 
Eh eee ne TOR SCO CN rhe Ue? Bane ate any ena ee ua ee ae 83 
Lowest Ten: 
eR TICAUS S100, otk iecuinee ss aires een oe ee eles $ .20 
Pat V A eee t Clit er aera Asti Se oe aie’ nig’ cn We ews Slee 27 
POS PST ep eae Ba Beige gether oe Merit 2 fn PAN ore he 
Ie SoM OCCT RE eS ae alare cca staraia as cette aw ois otre eatets oth carat 336 
POO VIER ea se et eee ey tails acetone te 34 
RSE ETRE ATI la uate ec hctc i ait es iene ee cae tae cate atin tas 36 
SO Era ea Ly Me Sit Achale cei ache horace erate is aCeaele te alee Soo 43 
MIT OIS LCN Se axts i rine bates Se aie aT eat ne 45 
PSS LL AL MN SAY Silan Vays Ray ponchos hoe ole bcs de ens oO .464 
PUREE ANCIAL Oe AeA i eee chee care cand tate Psi ace Seto ale 467 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 41 libraries) : 


BanyDierO. alto Ayiun che. ee Jot cece cece ener eeee eens 10.3 
SEC WED NAGS EOE se eect Se oe ty ean whole hiss oe oer: 9.3 
PCT ROLCV SE CAIIT ace ts eee ETON Me AEE acter aie she 9.2 
Gr Uavet cd Paste = ait Ee Cain Sly Or Neer on al I aa ER a 7.7 


1 Birmingham figures represent conditions before the fire which destroyed the 
ibrary. 


32 


PusLic LIBRARIES 


Gléveland, (Okie oe atone aed is er coe 6.5 
Grand tRaptds, “Mich joy Sue eras ere ty oh tice a eee eee oS 
EL ACOM ANA VASE. cette eee ie ates arctan eer ae ace ee is Bd 
Desr Moines slaeses ts ee i eek See 5.0 
DeniverssGolo.2 erate cre hy aoe ratan ce rorctas Be e ea see eee 49 
Utica ON Gwietorktasc os cee ee. a ae ee ee 48 
Lowest Ten: 
Baltimore; Madsen Aen oan elt eee erie s Gael nei ae eee it 
INewsOrléarists awe eo orm os etnias ike eaters teadaes ete eee 1.4 
Nashvilleral ent ora oo ene tee he eters oe ten ae eee 1.5 
Washineton® Dav Ga tenis aoe ve wis, bbe ees elas he oe eee 213 
Brooklyngy Nii Vee iaoa eee tke arate ee ee ene 2.81 
Detroit oMichere ore a tae ae eee sie ce eet eee 2.85 
StARECOUIS) AM ON sre heart rictsa aes eee aly Sitch ea cat 2.90 
New. tY ork City AN Avi a eel sa eines a. Tae eee 2.92 
Birmine harman 1a ww, wee carta ere te anes re 3.10 
maha iN ED: eco waved Hee eee he ek clone aye eens SES 


TABLE 3: EXPENDITURES PER VOLUME CIRCULATED 


Highest Ten (among 41 libraries) : 


DaytongeO Sie eae ade ec iar earl Nie oe ree an $ .29 
BaltimoresciM deo were pete ei ale we ai tene arse a eee eee ake ee 28 
DetroitaMich Agen tits eee ec > ee ana nei, 
Boston; PM assweg esse ge ere ee toia ee erie ers ars Aa ae .26 
Glevelandy* Oe oa eae rel aia Earn he eae ee .20 
Brookline: Mass. vc cnc:s cy cies tales erect sii e aeeeen ee 195 
Indianapoliswand svar ey rele ne wee eee ee 191 
GrandaRapids Mich se peuce ee eae seein oe een AW 
NashvillessPénns hie A eg ee Se en oe ee 174 
SEALOUIS uMOst ek. BG siatoikare memes sar tie create ces a Renn ares 71 
Lowest Ten: 
DaelWwiero,Calttier, = 240, ari toe toe ere ee ee $ .08 
pbaCOmia ys Washi ce etereutiee a gine e etree rine they ea eee .09 
Peoria erate inacta cee oe ee es eee 104 
salttlcakes Gity, Utah ote, ats, ak oo me earn nee a 107 
Berkeley Gali fg Ww oe ae ee eee eee The 
Sacramentos. Califo yt ep tee te re 113 
Birmingham, Ala. see ea eee ee ea a 118 
Butkatosn Sie rckvie os ck icttecs ake ied iar eel ts ee 119 
Denver, pGolosee ey aor saan cee oiras Wale. Gee eee 121 
Brooklyn IN Wy Bier, Cue ere te eres oe nae Geers ace 


TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 34 libraries) : 


Washinetons ls Gai Sei tae ner ee 64.7 % 


2 Report covers 1924, estimated population for July, 1925. 
3 Figures for fiscal year of 1923-24, estimated US ulatGe for July, 1925. 
4 Figures for fiscal year 1923-24, estimated population for July, 1925. 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 33 


TE SN la 8 Ps RRS aR LSB ee oe a da A 63.7 
TPAC Ce te he tO te Laie Baral: AIO oe teite care a's ae 62.3 
re eaYGEIS BIS Oe NLICII pans orien een stn ae pein in pee eee 61.1 
BIO AIEIE VY ASH ch ce eh a reper LeU ADEE Ee 60.7 
SHCramentOn Calli reek ate Oe ee nase Oe ee 58.98 
Braoklitie AMASS est ee is ee ee Pot ts Pee 58.95 
PSL RET AULECA TIN Alene an Meera) Rio eset ren tat ane ete ars ee 58.7 
PEA AD OLS * [Cw oe ee aie es om ates Ph ede eee Gn gee 58.5 
UES a afe) tha vtec’ Fly Be Wiese Di Ree kia Sa a 1A A bo a naga 527 
Lowest Ten: 
Porpesiplary ye NOLUIAMDLON, | MasSinarce ene 44.1 % 
eT OL eVICR rr hee et oe toe ee coe alten nes tna tiaee trace ee 44.7 
MESDUT SH AN te on rhe ee ee eo eee te eee 45.0 
Re MeL he erties pe ae eee c we elinch geo e ee 45.3 
Peerap itso UCI aerate rh stata Sere ates a Beier 46.0 
TI COnO tie WO wre 0 het ei ee re Cicer eee 46.4 
Meee VOCS Clare tit ele oak co imar es ie 46.9 
Devas RIN ee) treo Se antes fe tee en wees k eh cote 48.73 
DievtOlimeylASSame Wat aoe itt cient fine seer ec beac oes 48.78 
Cosiierk eye F 1tb 0 0) ie ie Aphis Get mee ue acer: Mable Bae Sry Os Fark KEES 49.9 


TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR Books, PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 38 libraries) : 


ese Momese late: task ere ht eae 33.5 % 
Af TALC ISCOM (Odie penne UA rer Lean Selo) Ge yn ee O27 
i epp he Feqag cepa dyed GReyetay, Urals. carcpon, stan Alergy Bi Omni ei gm nOe aa Soe S23 
Blain hai, 2A la eee eae, eee Roe nee ee a 30.9 
PocveseLibrary, Northampton, (Mass,....:+ sere ec 30.1 
Fey ae TICs Lett ee yn Ns Se Rae HERG CURE 2a ahs ON, 28.8 
Poyansvillies nd-wie we ee cs ek ne ey Ree oe A eee 28.66 
BY EOMCT CATT Se LUA hate Me steer areata oe eee, See 28.62 
Satie leakeeitya Ul talnee ne sie cit co det menses rari ates 28.4 
Prewertaver Contec kiran ee mim eye ce en, sme eee 28.1 
Lowest Ten: 
eri Cae VIC LMT tee ee siete ect rnc tar tartrate atotiere oes ates 14.8 % 
Seer AT IT eee kt oe ata eae ee 15:5 
CILORIR SF OLOUIG TSR IN TL oh et irta ee ieee a eine Ce te 15.8 
PENCE TES th Ged wae SU oe I ea Mn PR Ines RG 2g oats Mit lt hee 16.7 
BeAttleseVV dS Mc eter re err ce ere Cetin kee 17.3 
MEOUISV LLCs Woy eer eee ek eee OIE yer herder ger te 17.42 
MTODICN es Waste Sree Bron ea aaa Meee, 8a vee 17.45 
lee Ute alo bons Wii ba la tatcay aank Nae MMegnnteme haan Shy) pert etary EU 17.46 
pS SEN nica Toya By WD Bok GR Siiyad a oy “Rak rR din, a ol Se ie md Ae a 18.0 


Braye tien () es ee ee tae oe eer oe eek ee ee ai ve tan Ste 18.8 


34 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR GENERAL MAINTENANCE 


Highest Ten (among 32 libraries) : 


Detroit, (Mich® (Ws fe oie tee ee Ce i ee 40.4 % 
Jersey, City, Dai come tee Ge cai wares em eet een 29.6 
Queens: Borough N.OY2S. oo sec cece mde tence 28.8 
Meémphis vT ent? 23a. af ate corre ote ct a aie 28.5 
Baltimore, Md. tireres ed cece nue cee een) le ae ee 28.4 
Cincinnatt "Ora ee cee one datas he ee 26.7 
Louisville Wy l0R ot. oS ace eeuse wt Cee oe ad eee 26.6 
Worcester: Mass&-.d oF Rv tics voce cree ee see 26.3 
Garyen nd et POs said ove On eta ee nee 25.8 
StsPaulst Minniichsc aie vc ccteces te clears atone 25.7 
Lowest Ten: 
Bvatrsville” Inds cosne tok el cee eee: digs (6 14.5 % 
Sacramento. Galite is, cose eae eae er ee 15.0 
Birminglam,s *Alax sia cse gen coaeo cie eee 16.64 
Grand? Rapids) Mich: 0 4.0 ook a ae Site eet ree 16.65 
Wiashinetot, D3 Gates Ae oie stereo ete te eee ee 17.12 
San siego. Galttoiie Cie ee cet ee on eee ee 17.14 
Berkeley cGalifiec ey Sea nh as eee oe ee ee 18.5 
Salt: Cake’ Gite Utah) Seem toga teen be eee 18.6 
Dayton; Ol 3 Ute are aie ee ee ee ee 18.8 
Utica ss NOY oi pa ee ae) ee a ee 19.5 


TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE OF FICTION 
IN THE TOTAL CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 36 libraries) : 


Omahase Neb. 5.225 ca a ee el ee ee 78 % 
macramento, (alti. cnc. ae ie ee 75 
NewsOrleans La eee wae eo es ae ee ee 74 
Queens BoroughuN sly ..ccle ce eee oe ee 73.7 
Reorta, ae Saas ee ae a eae ee ee 73.6 
Baltimore, | Mds Oo Ssaceuee ee 72 
Brooklynss Nic Ys oil cc pe eee eee en ae ee 71 

Desi Moines) lavia. ssw. coke oe Soe ee 69.6 
News Haven::'\Conn 5. sha. avis oe eee 69.1 
pomerville Mass... ence ter cor a ee 68 

Lowest Ten: . 

Da ytoris Os wh ie dalek coe a en vane eee oe ee 48 % 
maitr bake: City, Utah- 77% tes 49.4 
Cleveland; Of ch een ee eee te ee ae 49.7 
Detroit Mich. h7.2 sos oe eee 53 
Washington, uD! Cl. xiic5 vn ee eee 54.5 


5 Does not include grade school circulation. 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 35 


ESRC LHIULIG PALO ea sole relcw s eetace wea fs aneeshatti Ee Stas 54.7 
ESDP RITES eco EY 2 PME Gs BN ie Lie dare en cei ahs pa ck Cl OS 56.0 
RS ULat ALC IN es ees Marie ee eee aI aces SN De ee ta 56.7 
Re TEESULY FUME le er ety arnt Sie Sake Soe RE eae OR bf 
PIE Wa OLicEIL Vie Yo eo hoe eer eee ae eer erereke 58 


TABLE 8: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REGISTERED AS BORROWERS 
TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 6 libraries) : 


BREE RCLCV At A iG een Me ne eo oe een oR ees 43.7 % 
Lowest : 
PSSLOU EN ASG ree Poteet coy hn Bios to aang ty ih a ed 14.5 % 


THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Three (among 21 libraries) : 


RICWIUTI NL ASS EE Cs So ee i ree eee kee Sees 34.5 % 

SC Ty he 0) COS BE WTG Ol th ah te ga Deca fe = Poe eaten Wonka ir gate 33.3 

te toatl Cs ge Nain Vice ee RP Ue atch iat ton, St OS Eade eS tS ah 31.9 
Lowest Three: 

PEC ECIEICATIS WiLA wie rt Oh arial. Ae eC ote GA Bees oe oa 7.6 % 

Pa LOL OME NLC ate cate oe ok Ri ee tae ce eens tees 79 

Nea SINT STON Lael sce ans cs nae 2 rete Male es aE Ee tee 22 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 7 libraries) : 


POrbes L.ivrary Northampton, Mass.o 9, ols, wie ee 44.2 % 
Lowest: 
PAG ATICRIC ADL So? NEICI fe rete ae ge er ere LS 8 te ee 23.9 % 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 6 libraries) : 


SATII COME ALI Tene exe Sipe ee ae ane Oe tetera Woe ee 5h3 °% 
Lowest: 
Persil Gr Lelilie ic. th ee eee EE cay ek ae 20.4 % 


TABLE 9: CIRCULATION PER REGISTERED BORROWER 
TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 6 libraries) : 


BORICECHIC EAN ASSirce ee, WoL ey. ct Lund on ye oe tue, wae Cee 27.6 
Lowest: 
Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn, N. Y........... a 


‘THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Three (among 21 libraries) : 


BeOri are besten. Ore Sete ee ee eee Se Ce 28.4 
DEW LOM RM ASS Ra Stn ite eee Ltn ee Cee 27.2 
RelevelatidiT C22 1-7, cio ce montane atc olay kas ed we Sie ET as 26.0 


® Report covers 1923-24, estimated population for July, 1925. 


36 Pusric LrIpraRiEs 


Lowest Three: 


Bufhald, iN SNe ae ca ee gee eo ere 122 
Sacramenton, Galita etc Hee, a chie eee ee ee er ann eee 14.4 
Baltimore sd: Midi easiness ee 14.9 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 7 libraries) : 


Grandshapids Michele en eam eee ee ee ey ee eee Ze.1 
Lowest : 
Horbes tibrary,, Northampton,] Mass... «a Ge eee ZZ 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 6 libraries) : 


Sangbieg6- Cali Bi iciary. ne vias eee rite eee ere 20.0 
Lowest : 
Nashyilleyy Penns ois aac che fe ec eaters ee tere et ee 78 


CLASS B (50,000 to 100,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: Per CAPITA EXPENDITURES 


Highest Ten (among 35 libraries) : 


BRomonamCalit Sede tetas iene comet eer enka $1.52 
Pasadena Calititgera. c teh Geet ete te ena ae 1.50 
Long «Beach, Galtfea.0 coos 2 ee eee ee ee 1.16 
Fasty Orange Nn [et en ee ore end) eee 1.02 
Madison Wisse tego te ae le a ee ne 97 
New Rochelle Novy seco eee can ee 89 
Kenosha; i Wisigks abpcone ccc ete cree aes orn eee 85 
Kalamazoo,eM ich. w/e ees eo ee ee 84 
Davenport; sla10 nu, ones es ene ee 83 
MiAYV ernonjiiN) Ve coe, Jawa ant acitece erga eee een eee 82 
Lowest Ten: 
Dallas REx sei Ne rar. Pe iat aie eae net eae Sri16 
SANneANtONIO, aL EXuise sana ee A ee ee ee 4¥; 
SCrantOns shag nit. uote tee nee ee eee 23 
FL TOV so N Fe etc ee ne etn .26 
Jacksonville; Hlast. ge. 2) oon ce cle eee en, ae ee 32 
Bingham tonyoNe eY yoko ee eee rete ere ee ee 37 
Knoxville eal enn roy ict te ne eee 39 
Monkers)aN yy ooo leet alee, es a 40 
Albany (eV Lae cas Se gt eee on eee er ae 49 
Brockton ii Mass. satires eet the terete See 0 


T Report covers 1923-24, estimated population for July, 1925. 
8 Report covers 1923- 24, estimated population for Tule 1925. 
® Local estimate of population makes this $1.22. 

10 Local estimate of population makes this $.90. 

11 Report covers 1924, estimated population for July, 1925. 

12 Reorganization completed during this year. 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 37 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 34 libraries) : 


| RVG GE 9 ET Tb Be abner ing gl POs ener ON ye Or Pa) sh 0k BY U8 13.6 
PPO OU A iste eS Bo) eR Sony on eee we ATR LL Ned Oe 12.6 
Bennie each, ats eee en a aie NRO eee es Sia weal Seay 9.5 
PIAVETIDOLT Bla ie ea Te Ate icingl shee te ethene ie ees 7.603 
NAP V CYTLON HINGES 29 eA eat Sheen ca Lee dc EN Ener 7.602 
DLACISOLI AW VV 1S, os aee ee Rk ne ee es easier oak 
RRSLESE TO an Ll betes eter cs che Ci uate eho he rene renee 6.9 
ETL OMT Aten Ge Meares een ees eee RO Re ete eee 6.8 
FOES HAM VV 1S ehagirc com Ghee ees Tie a un RR cree ee 6.42 
Vir CertowiiieM Assit SP or Jnl ack, heh es eee el ere 6.41 
Lowest Ten: 
RATER ATICOIIC CEL CX ere teak eee Ik od eas Si aes etme 1B 
CRA LOT Me aes ee ek NE tae te Gt Sabet MNS oe Vee 13 
Aas aL Cx meee em toed Lee tse Ste ye aia cee rata hae 1.6 
Va oem NNO ret MEY SAP SOs Tae oun eine Bes gh ene ate 7, 
TLC DUC LASS oar pee oe tats et ON eee ea ee are tes aerate 23 
Pealoxivil leas Pennie ce hat hee ek oe Led hee oa eae eee 2h 
CIDA) VaamtN ee Y fundies Ser sie Be, RAs Re Gres nse oD OR uc 2.82 
ACC OnViLle Mella Ghat yes PAT Cet Os OA Mey ete ee 2.83 
Be oh a Wi tOfl Ue Nee sy een eacie tt AG Ses etek oss oh ae eet Oe 2, 
PLS CTS tNem Yet Rat Ge a a Sete Ue tat Is Toate eee nae 50 


TABLE 3: EXPENDITURES PER VOLUME CIRCULATED 


Highest Ten (among 36 libraries) : 


ALE TL SSU nen CL Nabe On Obs re eet eee ee $ .19 

Bae mCL AT Ce Neg | fe es iste oe ek y Sao eee oleae 18 

ERNET EGE 2 Ua SNE rs, Wa Aa oll a aad CR a .1766 
SCEANLOO Wie ee ee ren eee helt tk eee ee oe 1760 
DEW TSCOl COT sete he eis Pe nay caeathe ties eae 1683 
pie we hocuelle IN SY wea enter rey ee ae no te .1680 
PNT MICE SICH INGEN Gorn. ero yeh eos chee cee ile Oh le eee .160 
SAILEATILONIO,y LOX are ee er ar oe ee ee ee ale oe ee See 158 
SURO VIN AAY A a cctonna tate cca O TT oe ite an ciel hale TP Peon ates 156 
MPT LP VLICH: @ er ys eh oe tage em CR har ee he Wikre ae Len ee £155 

Lowest Ten: 

Geary RApIGSa Adio Bee PR PON eee ee a $ .094 
POEL] bmrteae meats 4 See a Van Ciba ay Aue ig eo aoe TERRE .096 
IDANAG SEX. Meee pet Sra es Lae ea Ge CR Rn eee 101 
PRErres be alite dn cladtcviers tetra ty Maio eee at te cantar, Wane e102 
CTAl@SDULS well weed Wa kre eect oly SR See De are tt ee 105 
Shih gh Cea Cab OM EL Ee ae een ak mings lecy Raber ah, AUN eh 106 
VASE ROL TI OG op NBA YE, «a 2c wigilens hie len Poeahs BAe Eads SAM Om, Ae Pe .109 


18 Report covers 1923-24, estimated population for July, 1925. 
14 Report covers 1924, estimated population for July, 1925. 
15 Report covers 1924, estimated population for July, 1925, 


38 PusBLic LIBRARIES 


Pasadena,, Calif. ¢cis0= sp G ties oe a ee ieee va state oe 
Davenport, [ay 50 enact as bs wie siete 3 a eee a ieee nine 
Jacksonville, Fla. .....c8. ces cebe eee c te ceteeeacaeeae 


TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 44 libraries) : 
Terre Haute, Ind. < 3220.01. ha ke ne ee oe ee 
Kalamazoo, Mich.) 5.0262 innate as aos ete eee ee 
Pomona, .Calify... osc. tae oie «nate wielearecee ee 
Pasadena, Califo. 2 iGis..cecetae + ee ete ee ei en ee 
Rockford, Tks cdcc5 6 Bio ay scorer en eee eee ee 
Jacksonville; (Flas 05d: slew a eine tenet ia ee 
Holiet, TU ies. oe svete ee hae aoe eee 
Superior: \WiSn oysek ces dome elecy ane shel eletere ates ann 
Sioux City, la. s 50% esa aa oe a © = Sie ee eer te te ee 
Chattanooga, Ténn. «502 odes. - ok 42s cise st nee ere 
Lowest Ten: ; 
Mannie: Tad aicc osc odin sakes wuave eine see eal oe eee 
Hlint; Mich? 0k So see ae ete 
San tAntonio,. “Tex... ta os aceced os nls ates fate eee 
Yonkers. NvoY. sos cn es me oo ce ae te 
Richmond) Ind) 5. coe Bs ee eee ee 
Secrantony Par. wok wie eress cele sa does tare eee ele ane 
Green: Bay, Wis. cacecak ee eee a eee. 
Poughkeepsie; (NYE Gi, ee Soe ee eee 
Davenport, (Ta. oGese Hee eee 
Dallas, ‘Tex. Gc oi..e stag dete sek eed ee 


TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR BooKS, PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 42 libraries) : 
Bhint« Michs: ec eons ieee eee eee 
Muncie tind.) (2.6 oi. Sear eee een eee 
Dallas? ‘Tex. ). 3. 022i. w 2 ee eee 
san. Antonio, lex. cad. tan a Oe 
Racine, Wis. 600: oi vie a oe See ee ee 
Yonkers, (NiCY)..2. 2s. ate pu eels Erne ae eee 
Richmond, \lndit.c2s ce. ace ee eee 
ot. Foseph,iMo. ka ee eee ac ne eee 
Davenport; lass Oe eee 
Jacksonville, Pla: 213% Jeu eee eee 

Lowest Ten: 
Galveston; -Tex. 3. i520. [sce ee ee ee eee 
Terre Haute, Ind. 
Scranton, Pa. 
Joliet, Ill. 


oeoerer ee eee eer ee eee eee eee eee eee esree ee 


SB 6 © 6 #1e ee Oo & © ONO 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 O Oe 6 6 6 6 8 OS 0 6 8 eo ee 


2 OF OC OW CS O18. 6G © 6 FH 6 O's 'O)"6 016) © 6 @10 (610) Bo ¢ O78 Cle 6 a) a) 6 8:6 & 


Yo 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 39 


PERCE SIO Se NOt) coal) aun eit s vee Ae cB cel ene tse een 20.5 
IGATAIAZOO BMLICH B64 ed a ek a oike etn Saale Tet oe 20.6 
Pea LETIS ELC SS nd Cie oe he Ne 5 Ate ack Ais arora de SMa Se ie 21.4 
SSETEEMEA LEW Sp LAM reer Ss aly ce nee NN Se Bee ote 21.6 
WV ATETLO WIL NL ASS. 8 oo Cae geet Lat Sia betes oe 21.8 
sTeigietsaite ts Bape) Lie ooe Seto 4 rae tag) Gan eae we etn wort 


TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR GENERAL MAINTENANCE 


Highest Ten (among 41 libraries) : 


Ser ASUS] MEL TA Mi ah cae oe ate Siete ate 8 ot PE ae OO 40.1 
POLI ECU SION SN rare Rien NAc aa es - Seerhe pitts Be at ethers 37.0 
STV OSTON GL CX pate treet et eee cme baat vets Rev caese tate wis 34.1 
PSCECNS SAY VN ISH re Bee alice ee a Ace wrod hls ag sesso tee 30.9 
PPE OCHCLIEES ING Vio" Wels aio cre ad Gaeine Tee OEE Le tees 28.3 
VALCSDUT Oat Lees nae eae Le Le es eae eee eked 28.07 
SI CTIPMC NN ASC RL et etna Cee KR Rtn haw ake ace picks 28.02 
1 Igy ba Viele OLY Bo aged Ri oat da a Ae eee toy Na A ie Mirae nae rca Pe Se 
PETNOSNAS ©) NV 1S Mares, eens e ena aes ace eee Ce els 27.0 
Da Acer cis time \h 4S Sameera get ae ron Cree ema fe rus SL are 26.5 
Lowest Ten: 
BCR OOTY ILLORE Dace ret ras eat eee ee ca ee as er uee 12.3 
Re rAtrOit a Mer ali tae Mee We trie cal, eee ec Chine ae Lee 14.2 
POOUI OT ate ATE el ee Te ee et ree ae ree Meee Sy 
BULLI) Cave CIE meceeenn eyes Stach a UPN rat oie ee renee 14.6 
UAT AZTOO LICE ee reer ae. SEG en eee ere 18.4 
TRACI G oak VV 1S ee an rey ee a re ee, Oc rs Read 18.6 
LCE PLLA Cre i Gartner ee ee ne Re Lr etn erate 19.4 
SEDO ATTILOTL AN Wa eee el PRM NAO EO EBL EN Oia a A 19.7 
ReCISt Tita Cte Oe St en Gt es MeL ke Gens SarM 20.0 
PGC wile Lente eR ee one pee ne ee ean 20.1 


TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE OF FICTION 
IN THE TOTAL CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 34 libraries) : 


Jo 


%o 


GET oe Res en te irs sive a elo uk seer one cer oe sateen 8351 % 
PULL V AION SIGY ee ee Pre PMR ES A ork es ey Rk eT es 79 
Lema OCU CLE a Nee Yeisen Os tala yo ele ae eed 73h 
POT CLS wma ee tee. 9 Ser Wee re tae eee Sarg 2a > Rv A ed 73.5 
UPON ENTRY Sie abe baer e tn 2a) tet ote ties ia 70.9 
PPCCOTUE Lite eye ee take c oe ce ART eae ct eee 70.8 
DIC UAMILGN Ts Nate a ee eee eee ees 70.4 
Patchpure. MASS: cc tae cree i er ce la ah Ga ee 70.1 
PLO e LAS Ube Len lcm Coen a MRR LONE. 68 
edal ke LES 1s PR ae E: belih che Mcp dee Neon ORD hth SIR ate Ra OA 67 


16 Excluding stations and schools. 


40 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


Lowest Ten: 
New Britain; Conn. 7...% acc ee eas el eae eit eerie ne ane 
NMadiSon oa W iS. taste ate ce a te ets Ge arene ek ee 
Derte:Hante inde se eee eee ete Pee 
Elite SM tC eco sic vite costa ere aoe eeu tee tel icc e ial eee 
Kalamazoo, piichiant reek alae ee sire eitals ete = ate kets ee nna 
Pasadena 1 Calitics sciee oho bce ek ote ee 
SanpAntonio; Lexile Heiter ein eek ie ere ee 
Bvaristony Ley i Scih atin tte scele etc wa hey oe at as ee erate ee 
Poughkeepsie, SNic Ys westerners ees oe Ci ae ae cee ae rte ee 
Dal las exc eh teh s ae acseecice Geet eee ae One ae a 


SIS 


TABLE 8: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REGISTERED AS BORROWERS 


TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 3 libraries) : 

erre. Harte sind. vcladactes gae cet ae ete ne eee 
Lowest : 

SCFANON Sais iu ais Sees trate tiestecieete Ree ATE eae ee 


THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Three (among 20 libraries) : 
FomonamGCalit soa eee! Se ee ce een cere eee 
Hast Oranges Nii] ea neue oe er een ee ee eee 
Yonkers c0N Bye" sec eed. cute tee ea aA eng Reale oh ee 
Lowest Three: 
Sat Antonio ex. Oe ccs uteiely pee ieteee shia es cae e ip aaene ra eee 
Bitchbure si Massive 2 ete aar tee shee tiie te eee 
BrocktonseM assen a.) eee ee ae res a eee: WISE 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 8 libraries) : 

Basadetian Galrhicnrts tas, atone ac os aula oer eee eae nae eee 
Lowest : 

Neve britain @ Ont sinner eta PRAM NA ORS Kiph pie heared: 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 4 libraries) : 

NewslhkochelleuNeeVo) S20, re ce ioe ane, ae 
Lowest: 

Dallas Texte cee. ove ee eo eee 


TABLE 9: CIRCULATION PER REGISTERED BORROWER 


TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 3 libraries) : 
Longe Beach Califa... 05.2 Shite cae ck ee Re 


% Excluding stations. 
8 Report covers 1923-24, estimated population for July, 1925, 


20.1 


STaTISTIcs OF Cost AND USE 41 


Lowest: 
PSCTAYETiNi Mar Gale basco h eo Ou stone cc Kile ale ak ee ee eee 12.0 
THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Three (among 20 libraries) : 
PVALCTIO WT LASS eae Ne, tea. penluae ie 24.5 
ISCVETLY (PV aS Sel tbe? Cre tO bled. Sibel takeras on 4a tara 23.188 
SLOCUM ASS MESA Rear ited As te hss aes ore aie eee 23.185 
Lowest Three: 
rote rs ean Vie ner ke tome clo el GR Eee Ne ee Ee ae WA es 8.5 
SAT ATILOLIC aL excel heeinen She ieee eye eel egy ON dee a A 9.2 
BEE Oy VMESIN AY co hate gee Oe det eens ys tech Ae oi, cack oe ae Ma eV ac 9.3 
FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 8 libraries) : 
RP AW ON DOLL ue cer ee ee rhe ties soa agen amr e ettoke tee Bet 26.1 
Lowest: 
Sire] EB LOVE nA: AE Cae SURG AI AS PREP doe bday ede crim AoA 132 
FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 4 libraries) : 
Beet Sia GEN Sa e seer enh eee ree. ty owe tn, meas es 16.8 
Lowest: 
el oae Ox cre cre a eae, bees cre 2 Nuss en Eee, 5.1 
CLASS C (20,000 to 50,000 volumes) 
TABLE 1: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES 
Highest Ten (among 92 libraries) : 
GE ATi ae mV ATI EN: Cite erent este er, Fac Oe SO ALN aes 2.22 
levelandMr etslitsw Cee Arete weet e ee ae ene ve ig ors 1.33 
NETIC LOM NG ASSsoo —ie s airtre oe ches ais ete yee chou Ah earls ot weet 1.25 
DATOUCLLG, MIVLICIL co smae uate ae ete cat Pie er ek. 1.24 
PrasteC tev clan. Omelet ride. oe Beebe ph eee Ramee 1.19 
ichurond eC ali 620 mee weirs oe tae mete ned comiaie Ee) Pe oh 1.18 
AW INO} a MRIVL SIT) 20 ae eee oye Miia scons einer Ome Rad 1.07 
OSA EWOOU TE Dt ire te eee Oc ee nde We ce pec ea ee 1.0133 
MACON MILV ALLA ee erie nee ne ate hale eee 1.013) 
POLI CIAL TOG Nal Seen Geet ht unos Sent Saran Ce: .90 
Lowest Ten: 
SPM orel MG)e ye freee bbe) SN teen tek eR gy $ 15 
TST, OCI MEAT NE oes ee an nei. oy: caer ances eRe eve eae .203 
WMilfordae M ass 20a tie tn er ment Mette ak ee , .205 
Heo Fr Teg TOE gt ARGH oc IUD gene COE. SEEM Og ENR GAIA Ftd Eph 224 
LENT al 1) Coy ed Os) Care pee, Sea, Pani he Rare liber ROMA Te .226 


1 Report covers 1924, estimated population for July, 1925. 
20 Report covers 1923- 24 or 1924 and population estimate for July, 1925. 


42 Pustic Lrprari£s 


Bethlehem, “Past. Os 200 were acts oe te tite ane er er errr 
Lewiston; ~ Mes ess ss. oh aa Wears 00 afore rie» Oot ne ayn whe nea 
Ogdeni: Utah eee oa ae eens Geely Seca 
East’ St. Sous: LU ts eae acetone ee a ee 
Tampa, Elan 2h en eo ores aes ieee Oo alae Se trie eee 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 87 libraries) : 
Richmond, Galifi2®o 221. eee wacinee © ee er 
Keokuk, 1a 20h 0), Va shacee merseipeh consiotay. ete, wc ees een 
Mire iniiagy Mint enh, aan rites nae and pan tasedate are Sete ee 
MontclaityPNes Primos. <tc t tine toc kere oi te) neat cat 8 rae 
Wakefield, :Mass.2¢ ive waives see or eias sia e eee 
Winona M inty20 er a, wile ae ae 0 he ere eeatanals one em 
Derby Conic s.ce osteo ae we toe ievelelate eee oie ote eens 
Mason Gity; Lass 8 eiites cice oles oe Sa ets cee 
Las Grossere Wis.79. ont 25 ad sails aca mieiee eee ete eee 
San permardino ws Walil0s cian sik pe eee 
Lowest Ten: 
Lexington’ Kya, acne; co ae ae ater an meens 
Springheld WO wre vice raters ers eke Slulaies Ok an ae 
Kast-StyLouis< Le fee ae een oe eee ee 
Littles Rocko VArks nee cue ce ee ne A eee 
Lewiston, Mes .or en. aed ie titene eine eae eee 
Tulsa Oklac eo txt fe fern ee See tea eee ee 
Wafren,”” Ossie cote Peon er odie aes eee eee 
Auburn, Ny Yer pte ater at ret y aarti Ont eee 
Bethlehemy Pa eee eee aco ee 
Highland sPark,)-Michig ican. See ae ee 


TABLE 3: EXPENDITURES PER VOLUME CIRCULATED 


Highest Ten (among 88 libraries) : 
Cleveland: Heights; Ove ae ee eee 
Virginia Minn) 607 eet el tice ie ete oe ee 
Marqueéttew-Mich. <a ote aed oe ee eee 
EXIT TONIC Yaa iy cri catdg Moe tenerncke Dens pre ae 
Wulsass Okla cgay. ck ha nea tidee eect elena eee 
Bast< Cleveland: - On. .07 5s thee ee eee 
Wakehelds Mass... sua mee cee Cia oa 
Edkewood)i0 Ais ek . hte es ee 
pavantah) Gail ahs. aia ging oe ane 
New, Brunswick, N, Js. aoe deeee ee eee 

Lowest Ten: 
Keokuk Ada ete tae etl, Si a kee ae 
Milford) Masse o..2 270 Sane ees on an 
Kokomo Ind ioiih) oid ys de Maa ee ee ee 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 


EEA Ea 0 ER? Caan He sad Wer Ag gana eke aye, Dee eo 
RN AUISAIEMAVY 18S Pies co oo be bo Oke oi Ie hs oe ae 
Rei A rae he ots Gani’ uo cl ee Rak wae 
cog as Sa | EEE BM Ae lien Ae ET bgt PS MONE Rad oy Soe S 
CHIL Ae ICANN pect: cht ree Adc TG bins a0 op ag een 
SOI a A COM ais Pore Cairn bo wee ee tes cee ee 
Perel VY ASti acre hae he Ghee Ohi ee ae ay are fie edd Sig eke 


TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 126 libraries) : 
WELOSHION Weeds cate ee ac ans ee sacs eee Oe et antes 
PAE WOO Jahr ene ttt tae ce ex cette on ean oer 
SAL AVIA GIN ONY cae Le cna ae eae SAS she ree te 
RPO UNCHmISIIsT Soke. tities Se ae oe anes aiae Satna en Meee 
AEN Tere), GIP ERE Sooptay Ma i hide Bu eels GIMME AMR Werner, | Pe en meer i 
Paste eveland BC)eecr cry ar rile EL aes art ieee kale 
SETI ge UR ER Ae Re A PR Me cana nea a 
DIOCESE GLIS SHIN ABV Perit, cee aa, cle Mee cae aiehe iat ae nant eat 
CA OMIAM CALVO a a Sant Care heen a ete es eee 
Perit Ctl ayy ASS rao. Geet Ee tic we a cs! anaes oan a 


Lowest Ten: 

Re OUILA PL INtl gre ee Scent we ety ee ee 
PreWmCLAtMnOny © LN (scarce auc tice ie Mae ve BA eee 
WY CVI OLLI TR VA SS EN hat ers eI Tay Ree oe wer ey ea 
PON A eM Nite cites ee tae ha ee ek are ee eee ee 
BD AT VOLS EWIASS face Pee one ek eee sale Se cn oa eee 
SPATIION PAULA SS cacy eeu ee POO oe 

BU ATIDUT GU eOUT mee ces oat Foner ot ates ee ee 
REED aM ihe eee oe Le ee ae ee ee ee eR 
ETAT OAL ON ELL gen eo ye oie orn, cetieie eaee Vel eae 
MERIC STOTO aM Cle set ee ser Ae Cos ee Ree eee ok 


TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR Books, PERIODICALS AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 129 libraries) : 
ATLL OSA EGA LED eye et ee el aon of amet ee teeters 3a 
BS CALLLEDOCU: an V tahen eck se ctan eat eee At ene eh oes he 
Petanipal Otic: Lil mtrt ca wre mcs ee ee ee tan 
RAO VILE WLLL, Mast nactoct hot ct teed less CRE re aes ere 
PEW Lat Nem Loe see ei a eke bt Bile meas cepa etme an ME 
BEAT sali om VW asia oo eat Sete ee tee eT ee 
ReLECTSOOTOANN Rss else ci cote ee nts ae eae 
SSACAINET OR ASS ea er ies le Dee eee er 
PALOLG or ASS tn ten eg en nectar ware, 
Pe levillemtel Lopcce aim ies geet! lal eet ne eet on ORs bie Ao 


43 


071 
072 
.076 
.080 
081 
.083 
084 


44 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Lowest Ten: 
MethuenseMasss 25 so Rca ee eran he oleh aneeete 
Tamestowns Nw Yves sa crs faite w ve ce eee eee emcee rae 
Urbana elite oo BAU HAN oi Rat Age cele ease athena ran 
East? GlevéelandsiOwrai ts sot ts iacs sete ce, eae ee 
Laconia, «No: Hvaiits.c 5 view toca ert eked toe, enn ae 
Derby)? Gonnik cccxd schist 6 oa ee nea oie ttle mere tee 
Massillon: QO. 0c 2a ee ake oe eee 
Waterloo anc: oh eee Fe VE eee 
Winona! Minnis. 2c. Oak ta eee Ue  e 
Glens=FallsioNovVis Dey oo 55 Oe 9 cee ao ae ee ea 


TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR GENERAL MAINTENANCE 


Highest Ten (among 126 libraries) : 
Wirsinia. Minnec chm oe ue te ete ie cline ot 8 te ee 
New Harmony, .indina.t oc centea toe ene eee 
Wiittotia i) Minti. peach sccce yng ate 6 lee eer 
Wrbanascllls 35 36 sabe Cis Ue Oe ee 
Danbtiry;,Conns we eeare ck ahd ee eee 
Cantona Mass? h.2.6 2228 oni wee a ne eee 
Joon TPs er aes Ss eae a a 
Hibbines Minne 4 a: ch ee eee ean eee 
Boone la ee See ee eee 
Danvers.) Mass. © Uc ics aoe srk erties eee 
Lowest Ten: 
Oklahoma: City) Okla: a0 oou.. ee 
Savannahs. Gali 2a) olen Bere creeds ee 
GreensborosoNs-G. 2308 eae eee ee 
Massillon; Osis Souci. Le ie eae ee ee 
Flighland Park: Mich2tse 979, 9 ee 
Muskogee Oklai¢ Wn) 20 Acie no eee ee eee 
Counc sBlifiss lat eae Dae ee eee ee 
Rutland: V tants «tears aes ce A eee Mage te te ee 
Lakewood Oss 0.8 eat ee ee eee 
SantaaRosariWals fir citsonureete 6 pee ees cee ee 


TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE OF FICTION IN THE TOTAL CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 77 libraries) : 
Milford) Masset eo io) yey a) ne cee ee 
Urbana, (Tilia as vn Mike ee ee ee 
Lewiston, Me. 
Danville, Ill. 
Vallejo.o Califa nc yan ree oe ho ee 
Bay City, Mich. 
Boone, Ia. 


OO 8. O70 101168 (06) OF ON a 6) Oe) 6: (e101 6. oe 6 6, 8 Oe fe ONS 01.6 © (018 eee 


OF OOS WOO 18 88, Ole 6) Oe (Oe. 6 8. 0 8) 16 0 100.0116 6 Oa ep) ere te ie ise 


Pi OO" Cy 8 (OO CLO. 10.18 OR ONO'S 16) (0 58 6710) 8) C1 O06 oul 6) ea el er ene. (we 


SONS SO, 78 (S10) GO MO OO One 6) 8 9: (66 ale 6! e106 (0! 60.8) 6) OL. ee) CARS eee eee 


*: Grounds cared for by city and light secured at special rate. 


%o 


STATISTICS OF CosT AND USE 45 


VEG ECOL MLS V. [epee tne ns es ela Sana hoe hah caw mee p's 78.4 
(Epterati hrc le tl EQTd Bo Fea) Sell gahey Meee RR rare tmei a mht uehe fee 78.2 
WVINICHCSCED SEV ASS CocG aio aale oes yp ee em Oe 77 
Lowest Ten: 

POLIO SLE kil resie a otal RTI ehes CR URI R we ig iam ote 50 % 
PE COUISE LUC rec terre eR none are cu Mn ne rman. 51 
PL Sa ela RG erahes hee ee RM ies Geers rd athe tee acon saat 52 
RACKSONVIILC UL eutcme ta me ae Mie Ca nce eh Lar Ala cae ata 54 
ROWAN Ss eA MM Ae ee eis ee alate ato Weed is GPE aos ied 56 
ENS rnd Goh aie dE lana nk Rp Sel dele aha Rami ettneud re emedes nae 57 
AGC ALE LAL Ser LONI Deine cae tee Cte Se ey ae eee 59.0 
Pere ia eV IT The ee er Py ete eer er awe a anes Coad) 59.9 
WAN OTid oe MIN vetens) BET Oy See een ag eee tak od a Aen ee 60 
orci (italy ane ieee tee eters en de ce nace ean ence 61 


TABLE 8: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REGISTERED AS BORROWERS 
TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 4 libraries) : 


PyALIC A NLOUICA Salis cA0 tl eee ahaa 2 roe eens ema 32.9 % 
Lowest: 
Proriictiel ae OHO mae eee Mk y he ele we EL te ee ene 13.5 % 
THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Three (among 38 libraries) : 
ATES Ville e VV 1S. ony ear Ue ee Ue ee 2 Cran ae nent fe 
PT AU TOTO MRL dere ie een ee OG ee eeete ee Na kim e tee 55.0 
aioe mM Onto ee mn cee nate es bora ceo AL tes oe 44.9 
Lowest Three: 
WECTNIeH VL ASS. 2m See nOmr ni eeet (NONE We RU GA. a. 12.0 % 
WVIELLLETISDOL Cet Ea ene totes Sarat Abo eat ey EMRE auc aa 14.2 
PATI VOLS EL AS Shee oe ener ate ah eee Leen Wr Mey Lia feb 18.5 
FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 17 libraries) : 
BV AlISatl eo VIS iccak et tet ee eee yt eS calle, CU Rater ENE On ky 60.3 % 
Lowest: 
PIE NATIO CONS ES Vane bas ee Ate ee a te ree ta new 15.8 % 
FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 11 libraries) : 
UL ALIG Ay Lo ame ee ees ares BC pay, CAO Sh Aen 55.5 % 
Lowest: 
Gievelands tHeishts® Owe se saan ein eee enous 22.390 


22 Report covers 1923-24 and population estimated for July, 1925. 
*3 Report covers 1923-24 or 1924 and population estimate for July, 1925. 


46 Pus.Lic LIBRARIES 


TABLE 9: CIRCULATION PER REGISTERED BORROWER 
TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 4 libraries) : 


Santa Monica; Galif.28.. 0.5. 2.08. sn cee oe Seema 322 
Lowest: 
Vallejos Caltfi2® y 40. nas athe on sccee ales hia ae ue eee 16.9 


THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Three (among 38 libraries) : 


Virginia, Minn.23 302000. Ge s+.» woo oele Seer 20.9 

Winona,  Minn.22 yes Fs Weis ace ce oie ols oe eieys ote one ee ee 19.9 

Sedalia, \M0.28) se .3 wv esis cen oe 2 ol gad a 19.2 
. Lowest Three: 

Urbana jylles ro an enc ete eta ele een nen ei ce a 7.81 

Janesville; \Wis.28 | \joyccrce lace coef a ele nea er 7.87 

VamestownisNai Mic fe ee oe pce cae oot pole le cl vntia eae aie 8.9 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 17 libraries) : 


Richmond, \Calif:2? Qo wae ees eel ee 29.2 
Lowest : 
Lexington. | Rysiavcoe be a ane ee ec eee 7.5 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 11 libraries) : 


Gleveland ‘Heights:O... . oo. ces cs ee 21.9 
Lowest: 
Sioux! Falls; S* D.2328 gr aise ee haere 5.2 


CLASS D (less than 20,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: Per CAPITA EXPENDITURES 
Highest Ten (among 481 libraries) : 


Mountain; Tron, 7Minnoeees: ae a tee se ne ee $5.51 
Chisholm,* ‘Minn... hie ene eee 4.41 
Buhl Minn? end ooo ee ene secs se ee ee 3.40 
Ridgéfarm,. Twig eee oe ce reve oct ea a te 2.477 
Ridgewood, .NivJi-.vias occ eas Poa ee ee eee 2.471 
Mendoti;+-Mich.) (i535. guaees ene cee ee ee eee 2.07 
Eveleth,2;Minnd <5 See See ee Pe eee eee 1.98 
Willows» Caltfiocs wane ee eee 1.91 
Kalbourn, (Wis. 435...) seculeasue eon eee 1.8659 
El: Centro,Calife teed ch bee dese n a ee ee 1.8653 
Lowest Ten: 
Dartmouth, Mass..s 2.3 sor t..ks sete eee $ .05 
West Warwick; (Ro. S508 ao 6 oe ae .06 


Stockton, .N.o-View candids au sl eae ee ee 10 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 47 
PU AISTERIPO UOTE IN 2 ect oie alee 02 v's ek ak sgt Satan OAR Rae lay 13 
DORMER SAW ELTIOOL AA Jac che cole ak ak < wee So Low 6 ALE sig wie 188 
Ber iniiee LOX Mee seca ta ets vee = ba Fae he ote a eS 187 
DCT EES OUTTA oe oe ioe ho accede CEI LEI oe 19 
TVS Peek Oe ph Rosa ie ae eave aN at Mal Ate TGP Be) Bee hy .20 
Me wratic (Clete eae bites Moroder tS als < Ee «gies oe 2) 
ROL MUL ee er, Wit e ae ore cnet aad a dee ea ere ate eure eae 23 
TABLE 2: PER Capita CIRCULATION 
Highest Ten (among 459 libraries) : 
PO TECE UREA TLR UNC IY GMb cat oe eae Serer Gore iat scat i onde ete ahieteh xo 2. 
PeerGu da Eeaciin Callen we he eur er te aie ood 19.1 
PU DELIOL PIE N CONE ol siit5o tes Gi ere ape vs nig red eda s ona kee Stacie 18.7 
oR Src a CA Thay Wie ne eee ay go CATR ben Rina ere en atin 18.2 
ECIWAT ATTY RICO ies VL ITTE © ee ian io 0 tats Sie eee aie ere ate 17.9 
PeISOUTTOMANY Soe ce ene Rae oe ick wf wee ees ee 17.7 
MOTO Athy tL altar elects yes a Sth ee See CaN ekg 2 
OME yet TEC EE RY 0: Paar hg ey Mae olsen UN ir tr ee a aie 135 
MONI UTIU GEL 114d OC ees es ne Geka ints « ees hah ee pe ian 13.4 
BercstaTcheeem VV a situa in bac t ik ceed thence Gun veer aaa: 13.3 
Lowest Ten: 
PTC OHELN Vi SOOM ae eer AP et a. o ai ae ins ree a 
WNCOIBVVALWICIOUN tht or Coates od eb nip caus aie ceed 8 
BV SHIN LON IN Se eit ta Laver ial, Srgictaes ers cen ane Ca ee il 
RTC LOTT SING HIN Ge othe rote belek do broths a5 hel eT ers 
Cesare atte peg es MOV Weal) Ue Amat AORN Gia cre Ue emir Dn Beat Dy 18 
Caper b> GE) Sele REN LS ea Ane SOAR ie MILB ay MI Yt 1.9 
PAS ETI A MeN ICHIN ore cetera a he cites he e's ie hoe ay rae 2.0 
DEO WMRCASULE. b' aa More ae Pls oes Se delinte Sf aeiithin RIES 24 
MOTTULG GL AMOS AR Ok Gorath Stas is eng Batty Laat Steface ns eatanenara ce ate 2.24 
VANTIOLLE EM Ie tie ttt ec tt dat tas ou ae ag clrand 2.28 
TABLE 3: EXPENDITURES PER VOLUME CIRCULATED 
Highest Ten (among 460 libraries) : 
UATE Rg) Fire Rak TET Raglan eae ect Poe CRS A/a Re OE ede $ .41 
reat CnC ANS ur ee soe ieee oat eee sto ee eke .36 
SSCL TAAL Bhs \ a, Poy alm ee Soca ch Oe nity, fy 8 UP MEN Aten UaYYE apes 34 
tM Uetireyecubs ta hq ert stu EU) teue Cot Mla tirigs Petia i adapta Sigel Cova ie) Caen 307 
POSE WODU TIN cla kien cee iea cick a oem ey baa aks as .306 
Tip tana yr Atel gaee oie een, vo ea eee mae ee Re .29 
i Sara ECD Eg bea Seok ON ES be Call at ak LS ahd ing ARN Git gC a 28 
WEAKER ALOE SO IN GCY Sart ae ok Oe en de ee Pas 
DFLCTICDCHMLILM ORs ke eee he ha er gern ee gy Perch Ay oes 244 
SSLETT Thor Leet eas ee ok EN ee oe 242 
Lowest Ten: 
SOUL RTA AITS MG eee cre iat Woe hates ata hit lata $ .036 


DU DETIOT OLE dao hai ob aie sich ee ee es BR .038 


48 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


New Gloticesters Mess. cee eee eg ete te eee 
Charlotte; Mich.” 326 wets soe eee cm cine chek ere 
Mendon, Mass, aod ai fs sc eet: fee (as eae ok eee 
Hatfield, Mass.. sh ci aetcec a feces leicester eon 
Wenatchee &Washis:s hvisa nc emce as tae eve erred eee 
Stocktor, 2N FRY os <a estos tae eatin as touae coigserece aay eee rae 
University. Place Neb. S230), ovclg mace eis eee ener 
Mite Vernon On ees tae chee aitctete tere sie ete aneeeea 


TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 488 libraries) : 
Nevadas City; (Calif Woy) yin nates ohare 
Fairhope, Ala. 
Dublin >: Gay see a ee ee ee ae eee 
Katilcarinia a) Wises eee io ers ao te uae orate tale pace ee ee 
Port-Arthur,. Tex so. ies a te ee ee eee 
Bast: Liverpool, O2 (oie ak a oe ee 
Maylorville Te eae ek ek ep ls Soar oe 
Scottdale s Paw wo eo Pees aa he idee cee oe re 
Nationals City, Caltt fr. se. ce ta reer eee eee 
Sterling, Wile Serco 6 See Be aaa ee eee ee 
Lowest Ten: 
Augustas Ue ee PRP en eee ciet ean erates oe) ee 
Nitchheldsy Ul sce We a ee en te ee 
Gamdeén, Merny cos wi oer oel etal A a ae 
Middletown, Ox: 2.8) e. ideo die tee ere ee 
DansvillecoN 3 iV oe Se a oe Te 
Watrensburg;-N. Yu os roe ee ee 
Granby;: Masse: eich. 06 aces eee oe ee 
Skowhegan,’ “Me. (ot. 28205, eee rae 
South: Paris;) Me? s.2 5.6 3) aoe ee eee 
PorthHenry;“N) Vs ee 2 ee ee ee ee 


@ 0. cae 0.0 6: .e 6), Oe le: <6) 10. 8 6.6) © 0) '. .0) 8) OF 8) © 0) 00 (OE SS Oe eee 


TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FoR Books, PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 489 libraries). 
Augusta: seer 7 ao eee a a 
Dartmouth, “Mass. 20) 7 eee ee 
Sterling Mass) sos) ii, Fee! ee ee 
Hamilton, Mass. 
Granby, Massy ooo. 0 Ror cole ee ee 
Souths Paris, -Me. Vii a Sale ky te eee ee ne 
New Condon, Ns Hi) oi. ee 
West Warwick, R. I.24 


*4 Books and periodicals only. 


eeeceearveee ec eoeceeneenkeee eeoeeeeve 4 06 6.0 «@ 


© (0.0 ioe. © ©, 0 © 6 © ©: 6. @ 6) 0 6 18 00) (@ 6 6. me nel @ 16 ae 


STATISTICS OF CosT AND USE 


WY SStZES TICLE WATCH NL ASS: Gis ancieisisicbew aus ae ts Ws ieaate mista tee 
lid Peek bateg fey) lay Be CMe Mien itaiele A Ma Neat nat ee see A Ned 
Lowest Ten: 
eatheldeMintiee. pac c wee ie tick erg h eee ie eee tee 
Fast A LA VELDOOLMA) co tre Create tLe con aieaty thee ss Mika ciate 
VERTIC Ere ) Setar ei ae no Adtioh Laila intctck ok cee Eee 
ELLOS Lae ne ep nace oe toate cecil eaie day ret eae 
(PAN LOU LA FR Od apd Gea cate ee ee 
PRE UOY atl, VLICI Me cere Ue tas oon coe 94, Rot ae nn 
ya rice Atle eo el UM ho iees Secteur ale prcvedal Eithoutic’ ae ee ate 
NMEVAUARGILY CGalit we Reamer st.) ore ee ate rote menue 
PPT erict ree EY (2 aoe eee NRT Ae ae BP a nein oe 
PUNO. CONN we erent ees css Sehr eines een ot lees 


TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURES 
SPENT FOR GENERAL MAINTENANCE 


Highest Ten (among 487 libraries) : 
MADE CTISUUIL OWN TOLY CER rt ial UL An ae ene wrolen ates aut 
PVANSN ILLES NORV Ceri i ee ee tke ite ie an 
TIC OCHA DLO N Pe NG as Marta es ea oe eee a ee eae 
Sia stake le ky ADE Sek pel cain lina std p ARB Gye ae TRL gO oi 
SENCDOV CAM mINICh meee cht ne yes we retene fee 
INET CIELOWT MEG) Seen ees Ton Rs hc SRO y ort a eh eee 
BROW LEC AI PIM Caetecn otk, eve attrac cas sk ie a eres Memes 
echield pS pLnos wins Y41 54 oe ub old eine On ante eieciees 
PACE MASS Riera etre a rear Uren ana sec et ete Oh Rian aur 
BTIALIESTO WH INTELL eoeties he kh 6 os he re te a ie See Tae 
Lowest Ten: 
WY OOCStOOK ren ep eat se lse Actaniseiii i Oh ee < Tae es 
SpA EN OKO RL i Aes Sete re Ciera rts Oa eee as Ail ft nS 
POF PAT iti ieee LCi ORT Ae ao ees tes hee sega Re ee, 
patie ASentre PLift <> Were wiles angi na oe ae ue eee 
1D | aa a9 a bs A RE ht teh aia alk pe eet ing Pe ey AL Botet  ay Ma DN ve ge 
NEFWER TITS? Dee tcoo ak Or Nba Ciera GUI eR Asa ASS Bponeht he ied 
PESCON CIC OMA TALL Sak Greene tcp te he ea ea em nen mt On, 
Elam itoring pM assune sania beatae eas beeen ea ee 
DAE UISTODISNO, Ua! fom ie ens eel eae Ant Mie 
WIN SLON= al ernie Nas rcs teehee ns ee eninge ak 


TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE OF FICTION 
IN THE TOTAL CIRCULATION 


Highest Ten (among 370 libraries) 
TI AInON SEM ASSe eee eco ete a eee 
News Gloucester M eatuvar dc ircii ene nets oly rey vate 
SHE DOV AN ee ICD I awe aire tc, inte en ee te eee 


2> Light and heat furnished by city. 
26 Heat furnished free. 


11.0 % 


50 PusLic LIBRARIES 


Delavan, Uk ic ce. 2s guia sass See aie: 0 nna haem ern 94 
Atlanta: Tie. Sic ak oleae ole eee ote one 93.6 
Winston-Salem, No" Gi oe eel eas tea eee 93.4 
Schtiylerville, sNioYOo5 oes ee ee vie ore ee 93.2 
Pontiac, Tc On tee wa ie ote 91.7 
Jerseyville, (LU ccs oie ae sete meshes ete ee Ole 
Ganastotay JN fYee lt ck he rath ee cee cee 91.1 
Lowest Ten: 

Wrest wAllisp Wise icu cede Ge fied ow tte oanee pene eee BVA © 
Healdsburg, Calif. au ee nteekss is or oe ee 41 
Allegan Michio. c5 Gn agin ees co ne eee 47 
Buhl Manns e se aa oe ae ae Rene ee 48.83 
Ghisholm,. Minne 0.28) sis aes 48.88 
Cambridge+Gity, Ind otek e ee ee 49 
Superiore Nebr soe. eee bee cite ec oe ee 50 
Pana. lle Se dae cet tae ear ee 51.0 
Oxnard: Calif ore Po a ee S11 
Ghippewa Falls, Wisi0 oo. 2 ou. oc~ bo ce oenetle sete eee ae 52 


TABLE 8: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REGISTERED AS BORROWERS 
ONE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 15 libraries) : 


Delavan) TIE. 03 sal Pye cee ee 92.1 % 

Proctoty VQ ser Uae eae 0 59.0 
Lowest Two: 

Thompsonvilles: Conn... eee ee ee 14.7 % 

St. Peters: Minne sire pare oe os oe ae a ee oe ee 23.5 


EIGHTEEN MONTHS REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 4 libraries) : 


Deltati Colouetaue satu ce ene Cr re nee . 443 % 
Lowest: 
Hudson; Mass. t.s5 ives occec heals tae ee eee 25.8 % 


TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Two (among 52 libraries) : 


Corohado! Calitics eat eee ae or eae eee 94.4 % 

Kilbourin):\W 1s. oiuiisees feted ene to a gee 88.1 
Lowest Two: 

Tronton,: Oct 53 8 3 eee Nee ee eee 14.7 % 

Centralia: Til Se oe Ae ee ee 16.9 


THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 100 libraries) : 
Greene, Nv Y- 0 ssi Ce ee ee 90.9 % 
Sparta, “Wis. 00. yoga eee a 82.0 


STATISTICS OF Cost AND USE 


Lowest Two: 
BLISTER Et Eee OMe Nit cit Reh ee a til ce a 
PAPC A ALKA, iss, vais BORO Lek Tha coe eet e a REE 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 20 libraries) : 
PAT ASeLONl ye Laie bce ete ty ee halt er ais oe antlers bk Reed aeons 
RRP PALGEIICE SECU Leber Ge Ne | ene icc stint ota oe eee 
Lowest Two: 
RAL EARL PON a Ee oe oe ee re ee aah aE as Ale 
yO ohh ate) Fe Bt De 4 PN ON oes ae iy ean bid deed CA 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 73 libraries) : 
RUG ttanh, Ie coat eae ete oe ete ene cates tg 
ESCO Weta nGebtrei soy he kis oc Fis oa uae a ae 
Lowest Two: 
bog VF Oe kee oa a) ae ON parse tO 5 Peed ad bard Side 2A 
PEEP OT VAL CARL) eee Cele a toe vic Oe eet. in fe eh Diet. Vanier ci. 


SIX-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 4 libraries) : 

ISOXSACKIC IN. Yoremtrte, ans SOT ORe tL wry RON Se 
Lowest: 

CESS aa. 2a Wage hb bgt od Wor tetra gd OR me Rel CURE (ig 


TABLE 9: CIRCULATION PER REGISTERED BORROWER 


ONE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 15 libraries) : 
PGE Wall RAMEY RIN oN imme ween n a Sc eer We Kiern aetna Ce 


entonet ar pore Micha «ster eel Oa aber aheatee cis 


Lowest Two: 


RALIDON Se. Pee neta ree ah ern et Teke Cd ee aE ee 
SSPE CURT TONd IT eas oi at ee ee, Maen eee 


EIGHTEEN MONTHS REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest (among 4 libraries) : 
PLUSGUN ANT ACS mr can ee, bat tet ee ed cee ee sete 


Lowest: 
PPRESCY WaLLCrenL LLC mire LON acta unas ieee nae et tg eh oe Loh 
TWO-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 
Highest Two (among 51 libraries) : 
Bells Palisa V tthe atu ccs oe oie res AB hs kes 
OTT CRN Clee oa Ga entice tous aes ee elarhe Ss oii eee h 
Lowest Two: 
Fae Ric CA WAY IN GN os a roe ais Ska ea saiy cen oe Gees arene 
PLOT COR we) eee hoe teeny Dee eo: ne dy Saree bat aoe cece, 


a7 PusBLic LIBRARIES 


THREE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 100 libraries) : 
Mountain LrotmcuNl itn: onstrate vent eronta ty acre 
Séymiour,. Cons yee. gee ee ear aes oye eens ee erate 
Lowest Two: 
CSalion, POM wick Oeste tobe tegen ae nae ee eae eT ee ae 
Cambridge est Op Sa wey vches sree terre ca ote ieee ene 


FOUR-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest Two (among 20 libraries) : 
BlackeRiveri Halls Wiss) 7 ire. oo ctieca Get ctn e 
Walpole Massicw, tain Saito a ieee rte Some nna see 
Lowest Two: 
(sredba bend: Kanes ok ess ee eee 
OTOP PAN Sa Vs races choc siete eet ele nei een ee ce tercra 


FIVE-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 72 libraries) : 

BorevAtkinsoiy Wis van ones: cee eat et eee 
Lowest: 

sherman, bexas (hc tocs ie iat een tea ee 


SIX-YEAR REGISTRATION PERIOD 


Highest (among 4 libraries) : 
Thorntown, Ind. 
Lowest : 
Anniston, Ala. o/s an eee SN Pens Oa el ne 


@ 6 © ee 16 os © 0 18 (ee 6, 6 6 0 6 O40): 9.6.6 © 2 @ 2 €.16 U8 olen ae 


CHAPTER III 


SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL: 
PUBLIC LIBRARIES 


IPPRINCIPLES OF BOOK SELECTION 


Between “the best books” and “the best that the people 
will read,’ a compromise is obviously necessary in most pub- 
lic libraries. The following reports illustrate the effort 
which most libraries apparently make to keep their standards 
of selection as high as necessary concessions to practical 
policy will permit. “In juveniles and in certain adult 
classes we buy the best books only; in fiction and other popu- 
lar classes we buy more liberally” (Evansville). “We try to 
place emphasis on the best books, but must often buy more 
copies of ‘the best that people will read’” (Indianapolis). 
“We try to appeal to all elements in the community without 
lowering our standards of decency and merit” (New Bed- 
ford). “ ‘The best that the people will read’ is probably 
nearer the truth. Theoretically we try to buy from the top 
downward” (Somerville). “We follow both plans. We buy 
‘the best that people will read,’ and we also buy books that 
we know will not be popular, but which it seems probable 
will be valuable for many years to come” (Wilmington, Del.). 

With very few exceptions the reports indicate also an ef- 
fort to do as much as possible to transform the potential 
readers of the community into actual readers. With equally 
few exceptions, however, they indicate that financial limita- 
tions necessitate buying primarily for the present readers. 
“Current demands generally exhaust the book fund, but as 
opportunity offers we buy books to meet the special needs of 


ay; 


54 PusiLic LIBRARIES 


groups not now largely represented among our readers; for 
example, a small collection in modern Greek” (Indianapolis). 
“Our present body of readers taxes our resources to the ut- 
most, but we aim to have all the community elements eventu- 
ally represented in our reading body” (Pittsburgh). “With 
a limited book fund we can do little more than serve our 
present readers, but we constantly try to do a little more to 
reach others” (Tacoma). Financial considerations likewise 
make it necessary for the ordinary public library to buy pri- 
marily for the certain needs of today, rather than for the 
possible needs of the future, even though trying so far as 
possible to buy books of permanent value in preference to 
the ephemeral. 

Until there is general agreement as to what constitutes an 
“immoral” book, or a “sordid” or “pernicious” or “unwhole- 
some” book, it is obviously impossible to present a very ex- 
act statement concerning the books which libraries do and 
do not buy. Some indication of what most libraries en- 
deavor not to buy can be obtained from the questions on the 
book-review forms of Brookline, Los Angeles, and the group 
of libraries near Boston (see pages 63, 69). On a printed 
slip which is given to inquirers concerning the library’s policy, 
Somerville enumerates as follows various classes of “Books 
that we do not buy:” “Text books used in schools, colleges, 
and professional schools; Treatises upon highly specialized 
subjects, such as law, medicine, etc. ; Controversial and propa- 
gandist sectarian and partisan books; Defamatory books of 
any sort; Books that tend to offend the moral or religious 
sense of the community, or to breed bitter feeling. Sectarian 
periodicals are furnished by gift only.” This seems to repre- 
sent well, in general, some of the fundamental principles 
which most public libraries endeavor to follow. 

Textbooks.—School textbooks are ordinarily not 
bought at all, by most of the libraries reporting, or they are 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 55 


bought sparingly, or only if they will be useful for reference 
or for the general public. Only a very few libraries indi- 
cate that they buy to any considerable extent, and the follow- 
ing reports illustrate a principle which is very generally fol- 
lowed in regard to the supply of books for use by pupils as 
textbooks. “We try to supplement, rather than duplicate, 
the school texts” (San Diego). ‘Our very definite policy is 
to buy a different textbook, equally authoritative if possible” 
(Somerville). “We do not buy heavily, and we restrict 
their use so that they can not be used as texts” (Portland, 
Ore.). “We tend not to buy them unless other community 
demands seem to make purchase desirable. We certainly do 
not try to meet the student demand. We permit circulation 
of the textbooks which we have, but we try to break up 
attempts on the part of students to depend on our copies in- 
stead of buying their own” (Toledo). 

St. Louis Public Library buys a limited number of text- 
books, including some which are made available, for refer- 
ence only, in the teachers’ room, where there is also a full 
set of high school textbooks, deposited by the Board of 
Education. “Textbooks for general reading are bought for 
circulation, like any other books, as well as some on ele- 
mentary mathematics, etc.” Tacoma also has a reference 
collection of textbooks, lent by the school board. Long 
Beach keeps up to date a reference set of elementary school 
texts, but does not duplicate for circulation except in sub- 
jects where they are useful for the general public. 

Restricted books.—Many libraries endeavor not to 
buy literature which criticizes destructively the institutions 
of society. Many others state that they buy only when there 
are convincing arguments to justify purchase, and that much 
of such literature which is bought is kept on closed shelves 
where some restriction is possible of its use by immature 
readers. The following reports from several representative 


56 PusLic LIBRARIES 


large libraries are typical of various policies, pretty closely 
similar in essentials. ‘‘Sometimes we buy such books, when 
there seems to be a good reason for purchase. We restrict 
only erotica, three or four sets, and some dozen titles.”” “We 
cover both sides of important subjects, but try to restrict any- 
thing which might be considered dangerous propaganda.” 
“Tf ‘destructive criticism’ is interpreted narrowly, we buy 
practically nothing. We buy the best books on socialism, etc., 
and do not restrict their use.’ “Such literature is bought if 
it has any literary value. Circulation is not always re- 
stricted.” ‘We buy some books of political radicalism, and 
do not restrict.” “We avoid special propaganda and books 
that are bitter and unfair in tone.” “It is our policy to ex- 
clude only books which tend to incite to violence, or books 
in which, so far as we can learn, facts have been deliberately 
falsified.” “We buy ‘destructive criticism’ if the discussion 
is indicative of knowledge, sincerity, and sanity on the part 
of the author.” ‘We purchase books which give a serious 
and sincere presentation of the subjects treated, regardless 
of the authors’ views.” “Not in a spirit of censorship, but 
in order to get as much use as possible from an inadequate 
book fund, we try not to purchase books which seem likely 
to give offence.” 

Books on sex hygiene and sex education are bought to at 
least some extent in practically all of the larger libraries re- 
porting. Many, however, indicate that they are bought 
sparingly and with great care in selection. Council Bluffs, 
Detroit, and St. Louis buy mainly the books approved by 
the American Social Hygiene Association. Many of the 
small libraries report that books in this field are not bought 
at all, but many of these state that they have small collec- 
tions which have been given to them, or that the literature 
which is available in pamphlet form without charge is suffi- 
cient to meet the demand. In a large majority of all the 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL oF 


libraries reporting, either some or all of the books on sex are 
restricted, though the restriction often goes no further than 
keeping the books on closed shelves in order to have better 
supervision of their use. The prevention of theft is often 
a strong motive, and sometimes, apparently, the only motive, 
in this restriction. Many libraries report that these books, 
if not guarded by some restriction, soon disappear. One 
library says: “We have tried both plans. Formerly we re- 
stricted them, and they were never read. Since the war we 
have put them all on open shelves, with the result that many 
have disappeared for a time, and some of them permanently. 
They seldom appear in our charging tray as having circu- 
lated, yet we know that they are read surreptitiously.” 

Purchases in special fields.—In special fields such as 
technical law and medicine, highly specialized technology, and 
genealogy, the small libraries naturally find it impossible to 
buy to any great extent, if at all, and many of the large 
libraries find it unnecessary because of conveniently accessible 
libraries which specialize in these subjects. The following 
report from Denver Public Library outlines a policy which, 
in general, is fairly representative of most of the larger 
libraries: “We buy liberally all religious books of generar 
interest, but none that are controversial; in law, only general 
reference books and books for laymen; nearly everything in 
certain sciences and general books in the others; in medicine, 
only books on hygiene and nursing and books for laymen; 
all inexpensive art books of interest, and each year a few of 
the more expensive. In genealogy we buy only general books 
and the genealogies of prominent and local families. In local 
history we buy everything we can, and also specialize in 
material relating to the Rocky Mountain region and south- 
western art and archaeology.” 

The reports from most libraries indicate that local history 
is bought to as great an extent as funds will permit, but in 


58 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


the small libraries the collection is necessarily confined very 
largely to inexpensive items and to gifts, unless special funds 
have been given for this purpose. Practically all of the 
larger libraries, with the exception of those which are near 
a library which specializes in the field, report that they en- 
deavor to acquire everything relating to the history of their 
‘city and state, and many buy as largely as possible in sectional 
history. In Portland, Ore., and in San Diego a part of each 
year’s funds is definitely appropriated for purchases in local 
history. Special attention to pamphlets and clippings on 
matters of local interest is reported by several, notably by 
Berkeley and by Washington, which has a very large “vertical 
file” collection of both pamphlets and clippings, supplement- 
ing the collection of books relating to the District of Colum- 
bia, and has also gathered many clippings into classified scrap 
books which have been indexed and bound. 

The extensive purchase of genealogy is even more im- 
practicable for the library with a small income than the pur- 
chase of local history, but many of the small libraries report 
that they endeavor to get as much as possible of the strictly 
local material, and perhaps some of the more general refer- 
ence works. Several report that they are depositories for 
collections owned by the D. A. R. or other organizations. 
Only a few of the large libraries attempt to cover the field 
very fully. Many buy as largely as their funds will permit, 
either in the strictly local field or in the field of general ref- 
erence books. Others, like Brooklyn, Buffalo, Chicago, Min- 
neapolis, St. Paul, San Francisco, Washington, and Wor- 
cester, buy very little or nothing, because the field is so fully 
covered by the special collections of other libraries in the 
same cities. 

Some librarians do not think it justifiable to spend money 
derived from public tax for books in so special a field. 
Among seventeen librarians who were recently asked for 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 59 


their opinions on this point, in an inquiry made by one of the 
large libraries, five expressed themselves in approval of pur- 
chase, and seven signified their approval with some qualifica- 
tions; four were opposed, and one was opposed with some 
reservations. The adverse opinions advanced no arguments 
except the general principle that “a public library should not 
use funds raised from city tax for books on genealogy.” 
Among the favorable opinions were the following: “TI see 
no impropriety in a library spending funds raised from city 
taxes for books on genealogy if a considerable number of 
people request such service.” “I see no fundamental objec- 
tion to using city tax funds for a genealogical collection, but 
because there are so many more important demands upon 
our book fund I would leave the purchase of genealogy 
almost to the last.”’ “We favor spending library funds for 
such books because they supply information to an increas- 
ing number of citizens who are interested in genealogy. They 
are the basis usually of membership in various patriotic 
organizations, and they frequently contain material of inter- 
est to students in American history or in eugenics.” 

Los Angeles Public Library, in addition to obtaining, so 
far as possible, all local biography and genealogy which 1s 
published, has a large collection of “manuscript biographies.” 
These are obtained by sending blank questionnaires to promi- 
nent citizens, accompanied by a card from a local photog- 
rapher which entitles the recipient to a free sitting for a 
photograph and the library to one copy of this photograph. 
The library reports that “the response to the requests for 
these biographies and pictures has been very satisfactory.” 

Formal co-operation in book buying in special fields has 
been primarily a concern of university libraries and a few oi 
the largest public libraries. This subject is therefore dis- 
cussed in the chapter on Selection and Acquisition of Ma- 
terial in College and University Libraries. (See pages 245-48. ) 


60 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Il. METHODS OF BOOK SELECTION 


“The final authority.”—That the lbrarian should 
ordinarily select the books to be purchased is a principle 
which apparently is accepted in most of the large public 
libraries and in many of the smaller, although the precise 
degree to which this responsibility is delegated to the librarian 
can not be determined. Where the librarian is reported to 
be the “final authority,” it is presumably understood that the 
trustees would have the right to over-rule any of his de- 
cisions. On the other hand, where the board retains its 
“constitutional privilege’ of selection, its exercise of the 
privilege is very often confined to rather perfunctory ap- 
proval of orders prepared by the librarian. The following 
figures, therefore, are significant only as an indication of the 
general line of variation, from complete reliance on the libra- 
rian to active participation by the board. In about 65 per 
cent. of the libraries of more than 100,000 volumes, the 
librarian is said to be the final authority ; in libraries of from 
50,000 to 100,000 volumes, the percentage is about 54; in 
libraries of from 20,000 to 50,000 volumes it drops to about 
49. Approximately one-third of the libraries of less than 
20,000 volumes report that the librarian is the final authority, 
but in most of the small libraries this authority is apparently 
exercised to a very considerable extent by the trustees, either 
collectively or through committees. 

Different degrees and forms of activity on the part of the 
trustees are illustrated by the following reports from libra- 
ries of from 20,000 to 50,000 volumes. ‘‘The book com- 
mittee has full power over the selection of books, but holds 
no regular meetings and delegates its authority to the libra- 
rian.” “The librarian submits suggestions to the library 
committee, which usually approves the entire list.” “A list 
prepared by the librarian is submitted to each member of 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 61 


the book committee before each monthly board meeting.” 
“The book committee and the librarian meet once a month; 
each member brings a list of books for consideration.” ‘The 
book committee of six meets once a month; each member 
presents a few titles to be ordered, and passes upon the books 
when they come.” In one library all new fiction is read by 
members of the book committee. In another each member of 
the board receives The Booklist, and checks the titles which 
he considers desirable. One library reports that all books 
are bought by one of the trustees; another, that the presi- 
dent of the board buys entirely at his own discretion, An- 
other extreme is illustrated by a library which for several 
years had a book committee of twenty-eight members, one 
appointed by each of the civic and educational organizations 
of the city. 

Staff co-operation.—In the large libraries, department 
heads and branch librarians ordinarily have a prominent part 
in selection or recommendation of books, particularly for 
their own departments or branches. In some, such recom- 
mendations are made without any definite system or organized 
method. In others, certain review periodicals are regularly 
checked by different members of the staff. Several libraries 
report more definite organization of committees, with regular 
meetings for discussion of recommendations. 

At Seattle, for instance, there are three weekly meetings: 
the librarian and the heads of departments; the superintend- 
ent of branches and the branch librarians ; the superintendent 
of the children’s department and the children’s librarians. 
At each of these meetings books are always discussed, and 
other matters of administration or routine are taken up. 
Similar meetings, of branch librarians and heads of depart- 
ments, are held monthly at Long Beach, with separate meet- 
ings of children’s librarians for discussion of juvenile books. 

Pratt Institute Free Library has a book committee, com- 


62 PusiLic LIBRARIES 


posed of the heads of the circulation, cataloging, reference, 
and order departments, and the first assistant in the circula- 
tion department, who has charge of the young people's litera- 
ture. The head of the order department acts as chairman. 
The committee meets weekly to consider items checked by 
the librarian in Publishers’ Weekly, and by him and the 
members of the committee in the various literary reviews. 
The joint recommendations of the committee are then sub- 
mitted to the librarian for final revision. Specialized recom- 
mendations are also made by the heads of the applied science 
reference room and the art reference room, and by the chil- 
dren’s librarian, who are not members of the general 
committee. 

In Cleveland all staff heads check reviews and note new 
titles which they consider desirable. The head of the order 
department selects new fiction, and non-fiction under $5.00, 
for examination and review on approval. Acceptance or 
rejection of “on approval” books is determined at the “Round 
Table” staff meetings, on reviews presented by members of 
the Round Table to whom the books had previously been 
assigned. 

Indianapolis Public Library has a book committee, com- 
posed of the librarian, several department heads, and others 
who are well informed on new and old books and on the 
needs of the library. This committee meets weekly and con- 
siders reviews which have been checked, together with recom- 
mendations made by other staff members and by readers, and 
books which have been received on approval. In cases of 
disagreement or doubt, final decision is made by the librarian 
or by the head of the department concerned. Each com- 
mittee member is responsible for watching the growth and 
strengthening of certain divisions of the book collection, and 
for all reviews which appear in certain periodicals. Much of 
the committee’s time is given to consideration of replacements. 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 63 


Inter-library co-operation.—Inter-library co-operation 
in book selection has been successfully worked out by a 
group of librarians in the vicinity of Boston, who united in 
an informal organization, prompted by the large amount of 
duplication in reviewing and the loss of effort which might 
be valuable to smaller libraries, remote from book centers. 
The members of this group, called the Book Review Club of 
Greater Boston, divide among themselves the entire output 
of fiction that is put on sale in the Boston stores, and either 
read the books themselves or secure readers for them. 
Weekly meetings are held at the State House for discussion 
of the reviews brought in by the members. The review cards 
are then filed in the office of the Division of Public Libra- 
ries, where they are open to inspection by librarians. About 
once every six weeks the secretary of the Division meets with 
the group, and from the accumulated lists such books are 
selected as the club is willing to recommend for purchase by 
small libraries. Lists of these books are made up and dis- 
tributed free of charge to the small libraries by the Division 
of Public Libraries, and to others for a nominal charge by 
the treasurer of the club. 

The following card is used by the members of this group in 
recording their opinions: 


Book Review 


(Underline descriptive words in each group) 
A. Kind Adventure, Business, Character delineation, College, De- 
tective, Historical, Humorous, Love, Nature, Problem, 
Short stories, Society, Western. 
B. Effect Cheerful, Clean and wholesome, Depressing, Dull, Im- 
moral, Moralizing, Sordid, Stimulating, Trashy, Trivial. 


C. Estimate Literary Value Appeal For Whom 
1. Excellent 1. Very Popular 1. All Readers 
2. Good 2. Popular 2. Adults 
omba 3. Average appeal 3. Men 
4. Poor 4, Limited appeal 4. Wumen 
SBad 5. Displeasing 5. Children 


D. Recommended Not recommended 


64 PusiLic LIBRARIES 


On the back of this card is space for the name of the re- 
viewer and a list of the printed reviews of the book which 


he has consulted. 
The following two forms, with similar purpose, are used 
in Los Angeles: 


Los Angeles Public Library Fiction Review 


Author 

Title 

Publisher Price 
Date and locality 

Subject Form 


Character delineation 
Literary merit 
Moral tendency 
Wholesome, unwholesome, partisan, unbiased, moralizing, pernicious, 
dull, interesting, permanent value 
Of interest to men, women, boys, girls 
Recommended for Main Library, Branches, Deposits 
Plot see over 
Signature 


Los Angeles Public Library Non-fiction Review 


Author 
Title vols. 
Publisher Date Price 
Illus. maps diag. indexes bibl. 
Subject or form 
Scope 
Sources 
Literary merit 
Popular, scholarly, technical, accurate, careless, partisan, unbiased, 
dull, interesting 
Of interest to adults, young people, students, teachers, specialists 
Recommended for Main, Branches, Deposits 
Author’s qualifications see over 
Signature 


Some possibilities of co-operation among neighboring 
small libraries, in both the selection and the distribution of 
books, are illustrated by the Grand Isle County (Vt.) Inter- 
Library Loan Association, which was organized in 1923 by 
the public libraries of Alburgh, Isle La Motte, and North 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 65 


Hero. The object of the association is “to bring into closer 
relationship the libraries of Grand Isle County; to give to 
each town the use of a larger number of adult books than 
would otherwise be possible for the same expenditure of 
money; and to stimulate community interest in the library.” 
Each library agrees to purchase books once a year, as soon 
as possible after the annual appropriation becomes available. 
Book lists are sent to the secretary of the association before 
the orders are placed, to avoid duplication. Juvenile books 
are not included in the exchange. Three times a year the 
books bought by each library on its last order are forwarded 
to one of the others, on a definite schedule, to be kept there 
four months and then to be passed on to the next library, re- 
turning at the end of the year to the library which bought 
them. 

The rules of this association stipulate that all books are to 
be mended and cleaned before being forwarded by one 
library to another; that transportation is to be paid by the 
dispatching library; that books lost or destroyed shall be re- 
placed with new copies by the library where the loss occurred. 
Book covers, to be made into posters, are sent to the library 
next in turn one month in advance of the shipment of the 
books, in order that readers in each town may know what 
the next exchange will bring them. The exchange of books 
on this system is reported to have been very successful. 

Recommendations from readers.—Although recom- 
mendations from readers are generally invited, very few 
libraries indicate that a definite effort is made to obtain them. 
Westerly (R. I.) Public Library has a “suggestion box” at 
the loan desk, for suggestions of books which are not in the 
library or of subjects on which more books are needed. The 
Dyer Library Association, Saco, Me., has a brass sign dis- 
played in the reading room: “Patrons of the library are re- 
quested to inform the librarian of any books they recommend 


66 PusBLic LIBRARIES 


for purchase.” Most of the large libraries, and many of 
medium size, provide special forms on which recommenda- 
tions can be made. These forms may ask only for the author 
and title, and perhaps the publisher and date of the book, or 
may provide space for further bibliographical data, which 
may be supplied by the reader or by the library. The same 
form sometimes serves also as a “process slip.” 

Somerville Public Library has a printed slip, which is given 
to readers as occasion arises, on which the policy of the 
library in regard to recommendations is explained as fol- 
lows: “How to Recommend Books for Purchase.—The li- 
brary welcomes recommendations for the purchase of useful 
books. Book order cards may be secured at the Informa- 
tion desk. Full data as to author, title, publisher, price, and 
date of publication will greatly aid promptness of service. 
You will be notified either of the receipt of the book or of our 
inability to provide it.” This is followed by a statement con- 
cerning ‘“‘books that we do not buy” (see page 54). 

Most of the libraries reporting state that readers are noti- 
fied of the decision which is made in regard to books which 
they have recommended for purchase, and others notify them 
in certain cases, or on request. A majority also state that 
the reasons for not buying a recommended title are ordi- 
narily announced, and many others will make the reasons 
known if they are asked for them, or, some replies indicate, 
if they can not evade the necessity of so doing. Often the 
reasons are announced “with reservations,” or in such 
general phrases as “unsuitable for library needs” or “our 
funds are too limited to permit purchase at this time.” One 
large library formerly made the reasons known, but “it pro- 
voked discussion,’ and announcement is now made that the 
library is “unable to buy at this time.” 

Nearly all the libraries reporting state that they notify 
the reader when a book which he has recommended is re- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 67 


ceived and ready for circulation. In most libraries the book 
is reserved for the reader who recommended it, with the ex- 
ception, usually, of recent books of fiction. 

Printed or multigraphed forms, usually on postcards, are 
used by many libraries for these various reports on recom- 
mendations. These forms are mainly of four classes: 

(a.) For books concerning which enough information 
can not be found. St. Louis, for example, has a form 
which reads: “We have your recommendation of by 
The information that you give is insufficient to enab‘e 
us to decide whether we can buy the book, but we are send- 
ing for a copy on approval and will purchase it if it should 
prove to be within our scope and means. Thank you for 
bringing it to our attention.” St. Louis has also another 
form, stating that “the book has been approved for purchase 
and placed on the waiting list. This ensures its ultimate 
presence on the shelves, but it is impossible to say just how 
soon we shall be able to buy it.” 

A form used at Seattle says: “We are unable to find any 
reviews upon requested by you on , and until we 
can secure further information regarding it we deem it in- 
advisable to add it to the library. If favorable reviews come 
out in regard to it later and we decide to purchase it, we will 
notify you to that effect. Sometime when you are in the 
library the undersigned would be glad to receive any informa- 
tion that you have in regard to the nature of the book.” 

(b.) For books which have been ordered. Usually 
these forms state that the borrower will be notified when the 
book is received. 

(c.) For books which have been received. Usually 
the notice states that the book will be reserved until a certain 
date, unless it has been made a seven-day book. 

(d.) For books which can not be obtained or are con- 














68 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


sidered unsuitable. The following forms illustrate vary- 
ing degrees of explicitness as to the reasons. 

“The question of adding to the library ——,, recently sug- 
gested by you, has been considered by the trustees. In their 
judgment it is not advisable to buy the book for the library.” 
(Brookline.) 

“The library has received your request for the purchase 
of We regret to report to you that the reviews of this 
work are such as would not justify its purchase at present.” 
(Denver.) 

“We do not find it possible to purchase , requested by 
you on Sometime when-you are in the library the un- 
dersigned will be glad to talk the matter over with you.” 
(Seattle.) 

“We were glad to have your recommendation that the 
library purchase the book The recommendation has 
been given consideration, but it seems to be either impossible 
or undesirable to purchase the book at this time, for the rea- 
son which is checked below. Book is out of print. Too ex- 
pensive. Use of it likely to be too limited. Seems unneces- 
sary in view of other books in the library on same subject. 
Seems to lack sufficient merit.” (Savannah, Ga.) 

Appraisal of books by volunteers.—Both favorable 
and adverse reports are received, in almost equal numbers, 
on the desirability of inviting selected borrowers to read and 
appraise fiction and other books of a popular nature, and to 
report on their suitability for the library. Among the libra- 
ries which have tried this plan to some extent and have 
found it at least reasonably satisfactory, are the following. 
Bangor: “We should like to make more use of the public in 
this way.’ Billings, Mont.: “We have four authorities who 
do this regularly.”’ Lebanon, Ind.: “We have two assistant 
readers who are not members of the book committee.” New 














ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 69 


Haven: “A few assist in reading new books.” Omaha: “To 
a limited extent.” St. Louis: “We have a few selected peo- 
ple whose services and good judgment have commended 
themselves, who review books with some regularity.” 


Less favorable reports are received from the following. 
Des Moines: “Satisfactory in a few cases, but too slow and 
irregular to be dependable.” Kansas City: “Works well in 
some cases.” Queens Borough, New York: “Viewpoints 
often differ widely and it is hard to make decision. We ex- 
perience trouble also in getting books back promptly.” Port- 
land, Ore.: “The public seldom realize the library’s view- 
point, and are likely to keep books too long.” Because of 
such difficulties several libraries, including East Orange, 
Somerville, and Wilmington, Del., no longer use readers out- 
side the library unless for occasional advice in fields which 
require the knowledge of a specialist. 


Brookline Public Library, however, has used the plan 
rather systematically and extensively, with good results. The 
following is from the library’s annual report for 1923: 


“The formation of a committee of readers, in September 
of this year, to report on whatever current fiction the library 
wishes to consider, has been of the greatest possible help to 
the librarian in carrying out this policy. The following ques- 
tions on a blank form, leaving space for discursive answers, 
help the “reader” to an understanding of the facts and opin- 
ions needed by the librarian in coming to a decision as to the 
value of the book in the library. 


Do you recommend that this book be placed in the library for 
general circulation? 

If not, do you consider it worthy of consideration by the library 
notwithstanding moral or other defects? 

Are there objectionable passages or chapters? 

Is it as good as other books by the same author or distinctly in- 
ferior? 


70 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


To what class of readers does it appeal? 

Is it wholesome reading for boys and girls of high school age? 

Would it appeal to uncultivated readers? 

Does it deal with normal, wholesome people and conditions? Or 
is it morbid and unwholesome in atmosphere? 

If historical, of what country and period? 

Is it well written? 

Is it cheering, depressing, exciting, tame, humorous, unduly senti- 
mental, weak, silly, pernicious? 

Please add on the other side any further comments you care to 
make. ; 

“In some cases the opinion of one reader may seem suff- 
cient in arriving at a safe decision; in others the librarian may 
ask for two or even three. Especially does it seem wise to 
have a multitude of counsellors before deciding upon the 
questionable work by a novelist of established reputation.”’ 

This “fiction reading committee” thus far has consisted of 
four regular readers, but reports are made also by trustees 
and by staff members when they take new fiction to read. 
The readers were selected for the qualities which were felt 
to be especially needed. “The results have been excellent, 
but they are naturally variable,” the library reports. “Thus 
the report of A is more valuable than that of B on a given 
type of book. ‘The success of the plan depends first on get- 
ting intelligent readers, with ability to express themselves in 
clear English, and second on getting them to take the library’s 
point of view. The final decision must rest with the librarian 
if anything approaching uniformity in standards is to be 
reached. We find that a single reading is at times sufficient 
when the book does not present difficult problems. Very 
often, however, it seems best to have reports from two or 
three readers, and even then there are cases where it seems 
almost impossible to arrive at a wise decision. An important 
point which must be repeatedly explained to readers is that 
positive opinions as to the merits of the book are more im- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 71 


portant than the negative opinion that the book is 
‘harmless.’ ” 

In selection of books in technology, music, or other special 
fields, many libraries occasionally ask experts in their commu- 
nities for help, either in advice on specific books or in sub- 
mitting lists of desirable books. Birmingham, for example, 
calls occasionally on a chemical manufacturer for advice con- 
cerning books on industrial chemistry, on an iron and steel 
manufacturer for books relating to the iron and steel in- 
dustries, and on a local music study club for advice in selec- 
tion of music. In Portland, Ore., all music is passed upon 
by a committee of three well-known local musicians, repre- 
senting different fields of music. 

Books on approval.—Approximately half of the libra- 
ries reporting state that they get on approval, for careful 
examination if not for actual reading, a large proportion, or 
in many cases all, of their new fiction and juvenile books. 
The figures, however, do not take into consideration the 
amount of selective work that is done, on the basis of lists 
and reviews, before orders are placed without the “approval” 
privilege. In many libraries, especially the smaller, few 
fiction and juveniles are ordered until reviews of the books, 
or the notes in The Booklist and similar guides, make it seem 
safe to purchase without examination. Varying degrees of 
importance are attached to having new books as soon as pos- 
sible after their publication. Bridgeport, for example, orders 
many new books from publishers’ announcements, thinking 
that it pays to have important new books as soon as possible, 
even at the risk of occasional mistakes in selection, and re- 
ports that borrowers often comment favorably on this policy. 
A list is kept of fiction writers, any of whose new books may 
be ordered on announcement. 

In many of the large libraries, including Buffalo, Chicago, 
Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Louisville, New Haven, 


72 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Portland, Ore., St. Paul, Syracuse, and Washington, most or 
all of the new adult fiction and all new children’s books are 
read before purchase, by one of the staff or, in some libra- 
ries, by an outside adviser. Most of the small libraries, and 
many of the larger, read only books the desirability of which 
seems questionable. In many libraries, especially among the 
larger, booknotes are written on the titles which are thus 
read. These notes are sometimes the basis for annotated 
lists for the newspapers or for the library’s bulletin of new 
accessions, and are sometimes posted or filed for the informa- 
tion of the staff. At East Orange the notes are written on 
7" x 5” cards, which are filed alphabetically by authors, 
one year to a section. In Buffalo the cards for the catalog 
of the Open Shelf collection are annotated with the best de- 
scriptive notes which can be found. Notes by staff mem- 
bers who have read the books in the course of selection are 
placed on the order cards. 

Duplication and replacement.—Few libraries, appar- 
ently, have adopted any definite basis for determining the 
number of copies which should be bought of books used as 
required reading in the schools, or of new fiction and very 
popular non-fiction. Chattanooga duplicates fiction at the 
rate of one copy for every five unfilled reserves. St. Louis 
buys one additional copy of non-fiction titles for every five 
reserves, and one for every ten reserves in fiction. 

To prevent the supply of standard works from falling too 
low, a few libraries have established a “fixed minimum” for 
standards, or for always-popular fiction in general, or for 
juveniles. At Chicago the “discard file” contains directions 
to reduce only to a certain number of copies. At New 
Orleans all fiction titles are roughly divided into groups, 
with a minimum number for each group. The group num- 
bers, which are revised annually, are noted on the shelf list 
cards. A fixed minimum system was formerly used in 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 73 


Washington, but was abandoned for the sake of greater 
flexibility. Several libraries check the H. W. Wilson Com- 
pany’s Standard Catalog, with a minimum noted opposite 
each title. All additions, discards, and lost books are noted 
on this list, and titles are re-ordered when the supply falls 
below the minimum. 

A few libraries, including Brookline, Harrisburg, and 
Washington, endeavor to dispose in advance of the question 
of replacement of certain titles by marking the shelf list cards 
“Do not replace,” either when the books are first acquired or 
later, if it is decided that they are worthy of a temporary 
place in the library but need not be replaced when worn out. 
Pratt Institute Free Library tried such a plan but found 
that it did not fit in smoothly with the general scheme of re- 
placement. In Brookline the practice has been followed 
chiefly for fiction titles, on which very full notes are kept 
on file. Even when “do not replace” is not found on the 
cards, the ‘Fiction Readers’ file is consulted before rebind- 
ing or replacing fiction of doubtful value. 

Records of new accessions.—Nearly all libraries in 
which new accessions are very numerous find it necessary to 
keep a record of books which have been received, but not yet 
cataloged, in addition to the records of outstanding orders. 
These records are primarily for the purpose of avoiding un- 
necessary duplication, but may help also in answering queries 
concerning new books. Most libraries apparently make no 
definite effort to inform inquirers that certain books, not yet 
cataloged and on the shelves, have been ordered. A few, in- 
deed, discourage the giving of this information, because 
frequently the inquirer does not understand the reason for 
the delay between the date of ordering and the arrival of the 
book on the shelves. Thus one large library says: “In- 
formation about book orders is not given out, as a rule, un- 
less the borrower is very insistent and has need to know. 


74 Pustic LIBRARIES 


Most borrowers expect books ordered to be on the shelves 
the next day.” Many libraries report that the staff are en- 
couraged to give the information, but that usually, in order 
to ascertain the fact themselves, they must either inquire of 
the librarian or of the order department, or must themselves 
consult the file of outstanding orders and the “in process” 
records. 

In a few libraries the information concerning recent orders 
is made conveniently accessible by filing copies of orders 
for new titles, either in list form or on cards, at the loan 
desk or the information desk. This method is followed at 
Davenport, Evanston, Evansville, and Wilmington, Del. In 
Portland, Ore., colored cards for books that have been 
ordered are filed in the catalog. Brookline keeps a card list 
of books recently purchased. The cards remain in the file 
six months, and the call numbers are added to the cards as 
soon as the books are cataloged. At Evansville, in the main 
library, the monthly orders are posted on the bulletin board 
in the circulation department. The adult non-fiction titles 
are spaced so that requests for reserves may be written in by 
the public. As soon as the books are received these requests 
are transferred to the order cards, from which the reserve 
notices are written when the books are ready for circulation. 

Reports were received from only three public libraries, 
but from several colleges and universities, on a system of 
filing temporary cards in the catalog for new accessions, and 
replacing them by permanent cards when these have been 
made. For all of these reports see the chapter on Selection 
and Acquisition of Material in College and University 
Libraries, pages 232-37. 

Prices and discounts.—Discounts vary so greatly that 
no very definite statement can be made concerning them. 
From 20 to 25 per cent. is very generally reported for all 
current books except text books, technical books, and other 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 75 


“specials,’’ but many libraries average less. Especially in the 
smaller libraries, the discounts frequently average only 10 or 
15 per cent. In some cases the lower discounts are accepted 
for the privilege of conveniently examining books in a local 
dealer’s stock, and of having books sent on approval. In 
some cases, too, the difference between local discounts and the 
more generous concessions of jobbers is offset by the cost of 
transportation. Some of the largest libraries report that their 
discounts are confidential. 

Very few libraries report that they are obliged, by munici- 
pal or other regulations, to call for bids on ordinary pur- 
chases of books and periodicals. In some cities the public 
library, like other municipal departments, is required to get 
bids on all purchases totaling more than a certain amount, 
sometimes $100 and sometimes much higher. St. Paul, for 
instance, is required to get informal bids on purchases be- 
tween $100 and $500, and sealed bids on purchases over 
$500; the bids, however, are submitted to the library for its 
decision. 

Most libraries prefer to get bids annually on the periodical 
subscriptions, even though this is not compulsory. Others 
have abandoned this practice for the advantages which come 
from continuity of relations with agents whose service has 
demonstrated its value. Louisville sends a letter once a year 
to all book-dealers in the city, asking them to quote discounts 
on publishers’ list prices for regular books, net books, and 
textbooks. St. Louis also calls for competitive bids on dis- 
counts, at intervals, mainly for checking purposes. 

The statistics of accessions published each year in the an- 
nual report of the Brookline Public Library throw an inter- 
esting light both on the distribution of purchases in that 
library, among the different classes of literature, and on the 
average cost of books in various classes. In the six years 
1920-25, the total expenditures for books were $45,570.82, of 


76 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


which 20.9 per cent. was spent for replacements, at an aver- . 
age cost of $1.06. These, presumably, were mainly juvenile 
books and adult fiction. The purchases of books in these six 
years were distributed as shown in the following table, which 
gives the number of volumes purchased in each of four gen- 
eral classes, and the number of replacements; the total 
amount spent in each class; the percentage of the total book 
expenditures; and the average cost per volume. 


Vols. Cost % Av. Cost 
Reference, Bibliography, etc. in- 
cluding bound periodicals and 


New spape;rseaciey wale haan ee 675 $ 2819.66 618 $4.17 
All other adult non-fiction........ 7512.9 18797 88 41 24 
Aaulephctiongec sso) (eer ae ee 5708 9282.00 20.37 1.62 
huvenilesal, classest 1.5. aide 4137 5138.61, 311:27 7 2 
RENISCEMEN tS ara ae ee Seer 8928 9532.67,.220-9 eee 





26960 $45570.82 99.97 $1.69 


III. GIFTS 


Even if gifts of books and periodicals are not actively 
solicited, there is usually a general understanding that the 
library is glad to receive them. Some libraries insert occa- 
sional notices to this effect in the newspapers or in the 
library’s bulletin. Persistent solicitation is carried on by 
Indianapolis, where the “gift idea” is constantly urged in the 
monthly bulletin and in many other ways. The bulletin for 
May, 1925, for example, contained suggestions of “a few 
needs of the library,” and the following more general appeal : 
“Housecleaning time brings rich returns to the library— 
this year in books and a particularly fine crop of magazines 
for hospital use. It seems that there is no such thing as too 
many books and magazines for library service. When you 
carelessly discard a magazine, it is well to remember that 
you may be throwing away another’s mental food.” The 
library reports that “increasing results demonstrate the value 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 77 


of these appeals. In 1925 individual cash gifts as high as 
$2500 were received, in addition to gifts of many special 
collections and many thousands of desirable books.” 

Campaigning for gifts—Many librarians disapprove of 
intensive campaigning for gifts, on the ground that many of 
the books received are likely to be worthless, and because they 
fear causing the library to be regarded “as an object for 
charity, rather than as an educational institution as needful 
and as deserving of public support as the school system.” 
This opinion is supported by the experience of one large 
library where a special “book week” is reported to have had 
a bad effect tending to encourage the idea that the public 
library may rely on such methods rather than on money de- 
rived from taxation. The same report is made by many of 
the smaller libraries which have resorted to “book showers” 
and similar appeals. Another large library estimates that 
from 80 to 90 per cent. of all its gifts are not desirable, be- 
cause out-of-date or without value. At one time the sug- 
gestion was made in the city that the public library should 
appeal to the Community Chest for support. 

In general, however, most of the libraries which have 
solicited aggressively seem well satisfied with the results. 
Systematic, intensive campaigns have been conducted by 
several of the large libraries. Portland, Ore., has had one 
campaign, which brought in several thousand volumes of 
varied quality, and is said to have caused the public to feel a 
greater responsibility toward the library. In Oakland, al- 
though the library itself has made no solicitation, certain 
neighborhoods have sometimes conducted “book drives” for 
their branches, and these drives “have helped to advertise the 
library and to stimulate a feeling of proprietary interest.” 
In Los Angeles book-drives have sometimes been permitted 
for the benefit of a branch. “These drives have attracted 
favorable public attention, and many of the books received 


78 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


were very desirable. The need of good titles, good editions, 
and good bindings had been well advertised, and also the 
fact that the library reserved the right to reject any titles 
thought to be unsuitable.” Chattanooga, which sometimes 
solicited in the early years of the library, reports that about 
50 per cent. of the material received was worthless, but that 
they sometimes received valuable items of Tennessee history. 
Cleveland has conducted several special campaigns in con- 
nection with other city*campaigns, such as “‘clean-up-week.” 
Special appeals have been made to college alumni associa- 
tions of the city. It is estimated that about one-third of all 
gifts received are used in the library, one-sixth are sent to 
smaller libraries, and the remainder are sold either second- 
hand or as waste paper. Such appeals, it is reported, have 
revealed no disadvantages, and create a better understanding 
of the library’s work and a keener community interest in the 
library. 

Wilmington Institute Free Library, in 1923, conducted a 
special campaign for books to be used in its hospital service, 
and received more than 2,000 volumes, of which about three- 
fourths were suitable. A similar appeal in Toledo, the same 
year, brought in about 6,000 books, nearly $100, and a hos- 
pital “book-wagon.” In 1925 a direct appeal to six large 
concerns in Toledo interested in the glass industry, resulted 
in a gift from these firms of $650 for the purchase of books 
on glass and the glass industry. To this fund the library 
added $150. The gift is to be repeated in 1926, after which 
a permanent endowment is to be considered. 

In 1921 Indianapolis conducted a very intensive cam- 
paign (see Library Journal 46: 447-50), and has since had 
several smaller campaigns. Results of the 1921 campaign 
were summarized as follows: “Over 32,500 books, more 
than $1,250 in cash, remarkable publicity, personal book 
interest in the library, aroused feeling of public résponsi- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 79 


bility in support and growth of the library, new friends and 
patrons, individual book-giving habit aroused, bequests of 
special collections of books ...., idea implanted of leaving 
donations, memorials, and legacies to the library... ., $10,000 
additional emergency book fund from the Board [the library 
is under the control of the Indianapolis School Commission- 
ers, who determine the tax levy for the library], and official 
promise of one additional cent for books at next tax levy.” 

Individual solicitation—A variation of the “book 
shower” method of supplementing the book fund in the 
smaller libraries is reported by Owatonna, Minn., which has 
a “Library Club,” each member of which gives either a book 
or the money for a book once a year. The membership of 
the club is more than 400, and includes most of the members 
of the city council. The library’s appropriation was recently 
increased by the council on its own initiative. 

Many of the large libraries confine their solicitation to re- 
quests for specific titles, sent to either authors or publishers, 
when the library’s funds will not permit purchase. A satis- 
factory response to such appeals is reported by New York, 
and also by Washington, where occasional solicitation is 
made, especially for books which are privately printed and 
are not obtainable through the trade. St. Louis solicits some 
books by postal card, but has had better success from general 
appeals made by occasionally circularizing definite sections 
of the city. 

“Begging letters’ are also sent very frequently, especially 
by the large libraries, for periodical and pamphlet material. 
These letters are sometimes individualized form letters, and 
sometimes form letters undisguised. The Business Branch 
at Indianapolis has a form for this purpose which it reports 
has brought a very high percentage of good returns. It reads 
as follows: “For display purposes and for special reference 


80 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


use by the business men of Indianapolis, will you kindly send 
to the Business Branch Library the material listed be- 
low, which we understand is for free distribution. The de- 
mand for this kind of reading matter indicates the value 
of having our name on your free mailing list. We believe in 
good publicity. Please be assured that this material will be 
gratefully received and used to good advantage.” 

Another, more personal form of solicitation is employed by 
Syracuse Public Library, which frequently tries to get peo- 
ple to buy for the library certain books on subjects in which 
the “prospects” are known to be interested, hoping thus to 
build up a group of donors in different fields. These re- 
quests are made in personal letters, the appeal of which is 
frank and direct. One of these letters was as follows: 
“This library finds itself in the predicament of the grasshop- 
per in the fable. We have reached the end of summer, our 
book funds are low, and we are appealing to the charity of 
our friends. In other words, I venture to call your attention 
to a new book entitled ——-. The price of the book is listed 
at $7.50, which seems to place it beyond our reach unless, as 
I said before, charity comes to our aid.’’ By such appeals, 
the library reports, many valuable books have been received. 

Acceptance and acknowledgment of gifts——Except 
when circumstances make it seem desirable to accept only 
such gifts as are thought to be worth keeping, the general 
practice of most libraries is to accept everything, with the 
understanding that the library reserves the privilege of dis- 
posing at its discretion of anything that is not wanted. Most 
libraries, apparently, ordinarily assume that the reservation 
of this privilege is understood by the donor, and give indi- 
vidual notice only when the nature of the gift, or the circum- 
stances under which it is offered, causes such notice to seem 
desirable. Some, however, report that a rather definite ef- 





ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 81 


fort is made to have the conditions of acceptance under- 
stood by all donors, and not a few state that notice is al- 
ways given. 

Many books are accepted as gifts which would not be pur- 
chased, either because of the cost or because other titles 
might be preferred, but most libraries apparently endeavor 
not to accept gifts which are not reasonably in accord with 
their standards of book selection. Toledo has a ‘“Donor’s 
Collection” into which certain gifts are put. These books 
are listed by authors only in the catalog, marked “D.C.,” 
provided with a special book plate, and shelved alphabetically 
in a section by themselves. They are not accessioned, shelf 
listed, or included in the statistics of accessions. 

Practice varies greatly in regard to unsolicited subscrip- 
tions to periodicals, given either by the publishers or by in- 
dividuals. Two of the large public libraries submit all such 
periodicals to the book committee before acceptance. An- 
other accepts and places on file “everything that is allowed 
to pass through the mails.” Some place everything on file 
for at least a limited period, though some titles may be kept 
on closed shelves. A very few write to the publishers and 
request discontinuance of any subscriptions that are not de- 
sired. One large library, if this request is ignored, re- 
quests the postal authorities to discontinue delivery of the 
magazine. Others, in such cases, adopt the simple expedient 
of a convenient waste-basket. 

The method of acknowledging gifts likewise varies. In 
the small libraries acknowledgment is often made in per- 
son, at the time of presentation; in the larger libraries, by 
form-postal, form-letter, or personal letter, according to the 
importance of the gift or the attendant circumstances. Some 
follow the discriminatory custom of acknowledging only 
gifts of some real value; others make formal recognition of 
all, sometimes on a printed postcard and sometimes by a 


82 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


handsomely engraved and courteous expression of gratitude, 
purporting to come from the board of trustees. Some libra- 
ries do not ordinarily acknowledge pamphlet material and 
gifts from libraries or other institutions ; others acknowledge 
the most important, and still others acknowledge all, of such 
material. Very few have adopted the practice which has 
sometimes been advocated, of sending acknowledgments once 
a year for gifts received from other institutions. Several, 
however, follow this plan for material which is sent them 
on a standing mailing list. Many libraries make public 
acknowledgment of important gifts, in the newspapers or in 
the library’s bulletin or annual report. 

Disposition of duplicates and discards——Many meth- 
ods are followed in disposing of discarded books and maga- 
zines and of duplicates or other material which is not needed, 
acquired by gift or otherwise. Material which is unft for 
any further use is sometimes burned, but is more generally 
either sold or given away as waste paper. In the larger 
libraries some of the best duplicate material is sold to second- 
hand dealers or is sent to other libraries by sale or on ex- 
change. Much material is given to smaller libraries or other 
institutions. 

Cleveland operates a “Library Book Stall,’ in the Loan 
Division of the main library, at which gifts which are not 
needed by the library are sold, at prices ranging from five 
cents to one dollar. All receipts are turned in to the library’s 
general book fund, and more than $700 has been received in 
one year from this source. A special slip is inserted in each 
book, which is removed by the guard at the door when the 
purchaser leaves the building, although no books are sold 
which bear the ownership marks of the library. 

Disposal of reasonably good material which is not needed 
locally, but which may be of use elsewhere, is illustrated by 
the following report from Dayton: “In view of the high 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 83 


cost of books, we have made a serious effort to find profitable 
sources of outlet for discards and out-worn but well-kept 
duplicates, thereby extending their usefulness and providing 
books at points dependent upon gifts for any supply of books. 
We send regularly to city and county benevolent and penal 
institutions: jails, workhouse, infirmaries, quarantine hospital, 
tuberculosis sanitarium, children’s home, etc.; also to colored 
schools in the South, schools for Southern mountaineers, the 
Ohio State penitentiary, and other non-local institutions. 
This effort is worth while for juvenile books which have 
been well selected, gifts of acceptable textbooks, and for 
standard authors in editions not wanted by this library. It 
involves intelligent and conscientious selection of stock for 
the class of readers to whom the books are sent. The chief 
difficulty is that non-local institutions which need books are 
often unable to pay the freight charges.” 

Conditional gifts and deposits——A majority state that 
they always, or usually, refuse gifts which are offered with 
conditions, but several report that they have sometimes re- 
ceived gifts with conditions attached when the gifts seemed 
of sufficient importance. Pittsburgh reports that it has 
found that careful explanation of the library’s position 
usually results in removal of unsatisfactory conditions. 

There is likewise a very general reluctance to accept books 
“on deposit.” Several state that to do so is contrary to their 
fixed policy; others have no definite rule, but are inclined to 
view such offers with disfavor. Two public libraries and 
one university report having received collections on deposit, 
and having had cause to regret it. Many others, however, 
have sometimes accepted deposits, and report no disad- 
vantageous results. St. Louis, for instance, has on deposit 
about 30,000 bound volumes and 20,000 pamphlets, including 
the entire libraries of two organizations. The conditions 


84 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


which most libraries make are that the books shall be avail- 
able to all users of the library, and shall be given the same 
care that the library gives to its own property, but that the 
library shall not be responsible for losses or damage. In 
New York the understanding is “that they become adminis- 
tratively a part of the library, even if legal title does not pass 
at the time of the deposit.”” Denver has sometimes refused 
deposits when they could not be assured of keeping them in- 
definitely, but has accepted some genealogical and other col- 
lections, the books in which are closely analyzed in the refer- 
ence room but are not entered in the general catalog. A de- 
posit of a collection on engineering was also accepted in 
Denver on condition that it should remain for at least ten 
years, with the privilege of extension at the end of that time. 

In Seattle Public Library the trustees have adopted the 
following statement of conditions on which the acceptance of 
deposits will be considered: 

“1. The books to be deposited must be of a character that 
is considered by the board to be of distinct service to users of 
the library. It is recognized that books of certain types create 
a demand for other related books, and the acceptance of a 
deposit may later call for the purchase by the library of 
other expensive books in the same field. This might be true 
in law, medicine, genealogy, and other specialties which the 
library does not regard as within its function as a tax-sup- 
ported public library. 

“2. The depositors will be expected to sign an agreement 
to leave the books on deposit at the library for a period of at 
least five years. 

“3. The library authorities will assume no responsibility 
for the safe-keeping of the books so deposited, but will of 
course give them the same care as is given to other library 
books and property. 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 85 


“4. The depositors can be given no privileges regarding 
the use of the books deposited, other than the privileges 
given to all users of the library. 

“5. The books will be marked ‘Seattie Public Library’ and 
will be cataloged, stamped, and shelved in the same manner 
as are books belonging to the library. The marking ‘Seattle 
Public Library’ is necessary to avoid theft. A bookplate on 
the inside of the front cover will give the name of the de- 
positor. 

“6. The library can not accept any books for storage pur- 
poses. If in any deposit it is found that there are duplicates 
or books which the library does not wish to use, such books 
shall be returned at once to the depositor. 

“7. Both parties shall sign an agreement covering these 
conditions, and a copy of this agreement and a signed list 
of the books must be filed with each party.” 

Cleveland Public Library has had several large and 1m- 
portant deposits, each of which was accepted on a carefully 
drawn agreement. In these agreements it is usually stipu- 
lated that the books deposited may be used by the library 
“for any and all such purposes” as the library may deem 
proper in its public reference work (such deposits having 
always consisted of reference material); that the library 
“may bind such books and periodicals in the manner deemed 
by it desirable, and they may be labeled, cataloged, and pre- 
pared for use as are other books belonging to said library” ; 
that on demand, after due notice has been given, the library 
will return the entire deposit, though it does not undertake to 
return any part of it unless the entire collection is returned; 
that upon the return of a deposit, the depositor shall pay 
the library for all binding and for the cataloging of the books, 
at prices not to exceed a maximum named in the agreement ; 
that the library will protect and care for the books and 
periodicals with the same care that is given its own property, 


86 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


but shall not be responsible for natural wear and tear or de- 
terioration, or for loss of any of the material in the deposit. 

Exchange service—Many public libraries conduct, 
more or less systematically and extensively, what may be 
called an exchange service with other libraries. In all but two 
or three of the libraries reporting, however, this exchange is 
confined to the library’s annual reports, bulletins, etc., and 
perhaps to city or telephone directories, and does not come 
within the generally accepted meaning of exchange service. 
For a report on exchanges on a larger scale, as conducted in 
university and college libraries and a few large public libra- 
ries, see the chapter on Selection and Acquisition of Material 
in College and University Libraries, pages 248-57. 


CHAPTER IV 


Mite Ue Bee eied Owe Birk ARIES 
I CIVIL SERVICE AND GRADED SERVICE 


Libraries under civil service.—In only twenty-two of 
the public libraries reporting are appointments to positions 
on the professional staff under civil service control. These 
are the libraries of the following cities: 


Binghamton, N. Y. New Rochelle, N. Y. 


Chicago, Hl. Oakland, Calif. 
Duluth, Minn Oklahoma City, Okla. 
East Orange, N. J. Paterson, N. J. 


Evanston, Ill. Plattsburgh, N. Y. 
Jersey City, N. J. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Long Beach, Calif. Rochester, N. Y. 
Los Angeles, Calif. St. Paul, Minn. 


Middletown, N. Y. 
Mount Vernon, N. Y. 
New Haven, Conn. 


San Diego, Calif. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
Yonkers, N. Y. 


Three of these libraries, East Orange, Jersey City, and 
Paterson, and also the public libraries of Camden, Elizabeth, 
Newark, and Trenton, are under state civil service. This is 
under the provisions of a state law which permits cities, 
towns, or counties, on a petition signed by a specified number 
or percentage of their legal voters, followed by a refer- 
endum vote at the next election, to place themselves under 
the state civil service commission. Whenever this law is 
adopted by a county or a municipality the state commission 
automatically becomes the civil service commission for that 
jurisdiction and performs all the service that a local commis- 
sion would perform. Since this law was passed, in 1908, the 


87 


88 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


state, six counties, and eight cities have adopted the civil 
service by a referendum vote. 

In Middletown, N. Y., only the positions of librarian and 
of janitor are under the eal service. 

Public libraries in Massachusetts are exempt from the 
civil service requirements, in the appointment of the profes- 
sional staff, by a state law which provides that “supervising 
librarians and all other library workers who are paid wholly 
or in part,” under the atithority of the board of free public 
library commissioners, by the commonwealth, shall not be 
subject to the law governing the civil service. (General laws 
of Massachusetis, 1921, I: 741.) The civil service does, 
however, apply to janitors. In Minneapolis, municipal civil 
service applies to janitors and to clerical workers. 

In seven of the twenty-two libraries which report that civil 
service governs appointments to the professional staff, the 
position of librarian is exempted. These libraries are Duluth, 
Evanston, Long Beach, Los Angeles, New Haven, St. Paul, 
and San Diego. The position of assistant librarian is also 
exempted in New Haven, and the first. and second assistant 
librarians are exempted in Los Angeles. Department heads 
are exempted in Los Angeles and New Haven. In Long 
Beach the assistant librarian, heads of departments, and 
branch librarians come under the “‘unclassified”’ civil service, 
and must therefore be registered in the civil service depart- 
ment and are subject to and protected by the civil service 
regulations, but are not subject to examination. 

Among the handicaps that have been experienced under 
the operation of civil service are reported the following: 
“Rigidity of rules regarding promotions; if these could be 
controlled internally civil service would be, on the whole, de- 
sirable.” Low standards in examinations are mentioned by 
three libraries, and several state that they are not always a 
fair test of an applicant’s ability. Three say that personality 


THE STAFF 89 


is not taken into consideration, and three that papers are 
rated by people who are not familiar with the library’s needs. 
Two report that even with a proviso that emergency appoint- 
ments may be made without examination, subject to examina- 
tion later, the best qualified candidates are often deterred 
from applying, especially if they live at a distance. One li- 
brary reports that the civil service requirements have been a 
handicap “in practically all respects.” Another says “they 
are a bother, rather than a handicap.” 

More in detail, comments made by two libraries are as 
follows: 

“Civil service interferes, at times, with the selection of 
good material, especially in the lower grades of service for 
which the number of candidates is larger and the eligible lists 
are more extensive. Many desirable applicants present 
themselves who can not be given positions until the eligible 
list is exhausted. They can then be put on as provisionals, 
and as a rule ultimately secure regular appointments, but 
often only after periods of idleness. From time to time 
valuable material is lost because of this uncertainty. The 
examinations sometimes fall below the standards that the 
library would insist on, and often fail to show the relative 
fitness of candidates. The ratings for experience and educa- 
tion fail to offset this defect. The “promotional preference’ 
feature forces the library to promote on the basis of seniority 
of service rather than on the basis of efficiency. If it should 
be necessary to reduce the force, not the least needed em- 
ploye, but the most recently appointed employe of the same 
erade, would have to be dropped.” 

“The examinations do not test personality. It is a disad- 
vantage to be unable to dismiss an employe who is merely 
unsuited to her work without making charges against her. 
The requirements sometimes prevent our obtaining a desir- 
able assistant because a trained and efficient assistant can 


90 Pusrtic LiIpraRIiks 


readily find employment where no examination is necessary. 
It is not easy to persuade an assistant to give up a good posi- 
tion elsewhere to accept a position where she faces an ex- 
amination a month or two ahead, and feels that she might 
not pass high enough to receive the permanent appointment. 
On the other hand, the requirements set a standard, and per- 
haps add something of dignity and importance to the work 
in the eyes of a junior.” 

More favorable comments are as follows: Three libraries 
report that the civil service provides an effective defense 
against political appointments. Two say that it has helped to 
increase salaries to equality with other municipal positions, 
and another considers it beneficial that the civil service gives 
employes a feeling of security. One librarian finds it an ef- 
fective way of disposing of unqualified friends of board 
members; another says the requirements “relieve the trustees 
and the librarian from personal solicitation by applicants and 
their friends” ; another, that “promotional examinations keep 
up the ambition of the staff, and the librarian is saved much 
time in being able to refer undesirable applicants to the 
commission.” 

Graded service in libraries-—Many of the large libra- 
ries have adopted “schemes of service,’ by which their entire 
service, with exception usually of the librarian and the as- 
sistant librarian, and of clerical workers and building force, 
is divided into various grades. For each of these grades the 
qualifications, the methods of appointment or promotion, and 
the salaries, are prescribed in more or less detail. Such 
schemes of service thus provide a “merit system,” or what 
is sometimes called a “library civil service,” very closely 
similar in purpose and in principle to the municipal or state 
civil service. These local schemes of service are usually 
adopted by the library authorities on their own initiative, but 
in the state of Washington they are, in effect, required by 


THE STAFF 91 


the state law. This provides that the trustees of a public 
library “shall adopt a system of competition or examination 
under which all appointments except that of chief librarian 
shall be made and under such system the chief librarian shall 
have power, by and with the consent of the board, to ap- 
point all subordinate employees of the library, prescribe rules 
for their conduct, and remove them from office. So far as 
possible, all appointments shall be made for ascertained fit- 
ness for the work, and removals shall be made for demon- 
strated unfitness and neither appointments nor removals 
shall be made because of the candidate’s race, color, political 
influence, or religious belief.” (Remington, Compiled stat- 
utes of Washington, 1922, III: 2033.) 

The county free library law of California provides that “all 
employees of the county free library whose duties require 
special training in library work shall be graded in grades to 
be established by the county librarian, with the advice and ap- 
proval of the state librarian, according to the duties required 
of them, experience in library work and other qualifications 
for the service required.” A similar provision is contained in 
the county library law of Montana. 

A so-called “graded service” in some cases merely recog- 
nizes various groups or classes of employes, such as junior as- 
sistants, senior assistants, etc., and establishes certain salaries 
for each group, sometimes between minimum and maximum 
limits. Such provisions do not of themselves constitute a 
merit system, for they prescribe only the salaries and not the 
qualifications or the methods of appointment. The term 
“sraded service’ is used in this report with reference to 
definite schemes of service, which divide the staff into clearly 
defined groups and prescribe for each group the requisite 
qualifications, the salaries, and the methods of appointment 
and promotion. 

Schemes of service, more or less detailed in their pro- 


92 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


visions, are reported by the following twenty-nine libraries 
among fifty-nine libraries of more than 100,000 volumes. 
Those marked with an asterisk are under civil service. 


Boston, Mass. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
*Chicago, IIL. 
Cincinnati, O. 
Cleveland, O. 


*Los Angeles, Calif. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

New York, N. Y. 
(Circulation Department) 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Queens Borough, N. Y. 

St. Louis, Mo. 


Dayton, O. *St. Paul, Minn. 
Detroit, Mich. *San Diego, Calif. 
Gary, Ind. San Francisco, Calif. 


Seattle, Wash. 
Somerville, Mass. 
Toledo, O. 
Washington, D. C. 
Worcester, Mass. 


Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Grosvenor Library (Buffalo) 
Indianapolis, Ind. 

*Jersey City, N. J. 

John Crerar Library (Chicago) 


In some of these libraries the schedules provide for all 
ordinary contingencies and are rigidly and uniformly ap- 
plied; in others, as in the John Crerar Library, they seek to 
establish general principles but are kept as flexible as pos- 
sible. Many other libraries, among which are Berkeley, Des 
Moines, Oakland, Portland, Ore., and Tacoma, have adopted 
definite salary schedules for the various grades into which 
the staff is divided, but without sufficiently definite rules 
governing appointments and promotions to be classed as a 
graded service, in the sense in which the term is used in this 
report. 

A graded service, in this sense, is reported only by the 
following libraries, among those of less than 100,000 volumes: 


San Bernardino County, Calif. 
Springfield, Ill. 

Umatilla County, Ore. 
Ventura County, Calif. 


*East Orange, N. J. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. 
Pomona, Calif. 

St. Joseph, Mo. 


THe STAFF 93 


The scheme of service of the Somerville Public Library 
may be cited as illustrative of the objects and the general 
nature of the graded service in libraries. Its purpose is ex- 
plained as follows: “The scheme of service established for 
the government of the staff of the Somerville Public Library 
has been adopted because, after careful trial and long ex- 
perience, the trustees are convinced that under its operation 
the citizens of Somerville receive the maximum degree of 
courteous, intelligent, and efficient public service. It aims to- 
eliminate influence and. favoritism, and to insure appoint- 
ments and promotions solely for fitness. It is believed that 
a premium is thereby placed upon training, ambition, good 
breeding, and devotion to the ideals of public welfare, that 
results in the highest type of disinterested service. As far as 
consistent with these standards it is the policy of the library 
administration to give preference to Somerville people and 
to members of the staff in making appointments and promo- 
tions.” The scheme provides that the staff of the library 
“shall be appointed, promoted, and retained for educational 
and technical qualifications and efficiency only”; also that 
“no relative or member of the family of a trustee shall be 
employed in any capacity,” and that “the staff shall be under 
the direction of the librarian, subject to the board of trus- 
tees and its committees.” 

The staff is divided into the professional graded service 
and the ungraded service. The latter includes “attendants 
and pages, copyists, and others in positions involving routine 
non-professional duties.” The professional graded service 
includes the following grades: 

Administrative grade: Librarian, assistant librarian, libra- 
rian’s executive assistant, and others who may be so 
designated. 

Grade 1: Incumbents of executive and special positions in 
whom are vested discretionary powers in the control of em- 


04 Pustic LIBRARIES 


ployes, in the expenditure of money appropriated for their 
departments, in the direction and supervision of work, and 
in the maintenance of relations with the public, and of 
whom are required executive ability, capacity for initiative, 
and technical experience. 

Grade 2: Senior assistants of established judgment, skill, 
and experience, proved capacity for fixed responsibility, and 
knowledge of specialized branches of library work. 

Grade 3: Junior assistants of some training and ex- 
perience in library technique, and capable of the discharge 
of ordinary routine duties. 

The scheme of service also enumerates the various posi- 
tions which are classed in each grade, outlines the require- 
ments for promotion within the staff and for appointment 
from without, and prescribes the rules governing examina- 
tions and experience ratings, hours of service, salaries, and 
vacations. 


II. CERTIFICATION 


Seven states (California, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, 
Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin) have laws which make pro- 
vision of some kind for the certification of librarians. In 
all of these states no compulsory provision is made for 
the certification of all library employes, but no person may 
be appointed librarian of any library of specified types un- 
til he has received a certificate of qualification in accordance 
with the requirements. In Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and 
Utah the law relates only to appointment as librarian of a 
county library. In California certification is required for 
the position of librarian of a county library, and also of all 
librarians who are employed more than two hours a day in 
any high school. Certification is required in Oklahoma for 
appointment as librarian of a free public library in any city 
of the first class, or of any state or public school library. 


THE STAFF 95 


In Wisconsin no person may be appointed librarian of any 
public library, except in a city of the first class, until duly 
certified. 

A voluntary system of certification is in force in four 
states: in New York under the direction of the board of 
regents of the University of the State of New York, and in 
California, Iowa, and South Dakota under the direction of 
the state library association. 

Certificates of various grades are provided for in all of 
the voluntary systems, and make possible the certification, in 
some grade, of all library workers. Among the seven states 
where certification is required by law, certificates of different 
grades are issued in Wisconsin, where the law provides for 
four grades, and in Oklahoma. 

Definite requirements of education, professional training, 
and experience, are prescribed in detail by all of the volun- 
tary systems, and also in Oklahoma and Wisconsin, giving 
the prerequisites for certification in any of the grades. 

The essential provisions for certification in each state are 
given below. 

Californiaw—Appointments to the position of county 
librarian are subject to the following provisions of the county 
free library law: 

“No person shall be eligible to the office of county libra- 
rian unless prior to his appointment he has received from 
the board of library examiners a certificate of qualification 
for the office.” 

“At the time of his appointment, the county librarian need 
not be a resident of the county nor a citizen of the state of 
California.” 

“Persons of either sex shall be eligible to certification for 
the office of county librarian.” 

The requirements for certification are thus outlined, in 
part, by the board of library examiners: 


96 PusLic LIBRARIES 


1. Library experience: At least a year’s actual and successful 
library experience, and thorough knowledge of library science 
and technique, as a prerequisite. A good, general education is 
necessarily implied in such a requirement. 

2. Knowledge of library conditions: A knowledge of all library 
laws in California, particularly of the act relating to county free 
libraries, and a definite knowledge of conditions in every Cali- 
fornia county free library up to the time of taking the examination. 

3. Executive ability: One of the most important qualifications 
of the county librarian is executive ability. 

4. Personality: He should have the tact to handle a difficult 
situation successfully, ability to meet people, a spirit of helpful- 
ness ...., independence of decision, and a readiness to co-operate 
with any person or institution striving to give service to the people. 

The examination consists of discussions, both oral and written, 
of topics assigned by the board of library examiners. The sub- 
jects on which markings are based are the following: (1) General 
education, library experience; (2) Library science and technique; 
(3) Library conditions and laws in California, and in general; 
(4) Personality and fitness, executive ability. Examinations are 
held at the pleasure of the board of library examiners. 

When the applicant has satisfied the requirements of the board 
of library examiners he will receive a certificate of qualification, 
which shall make him eligible for appointment to any county free 
librarianship in the state. Candidates must attain an average grade 
of at least 75 per cent. in examination to be granted a certificate. 
Those falling below a 75 per cent. marking in personality and fitness 
and executive ability may, in the discretion of the board, be denied 
a certificate. Certificates shall be valid for five years, at the end 
of which time they may be renewed or a new examination required. 


The county free library law creates a board of library 
examiners, consisting of the state librarian, who shall be 
ex officio chairman, the librarian of the public library of the 
city and county of San Francisco, and the librarian of the 
Los Angeles Public Library. The members receive no com- 
pensation; necessary traveling expenses are paid from the 
state library fund. The board “shall pass upon the qualifica- 
tions of all persons desiring to become county librarians, and 


THE STAFF 97 


may, in writing, adopt rules and regulations not inconsistent 
with law for its own government, and for carrying out the 
purposes of this act.” 

Certification of school librarians is also provided for by 
the California law. “County boards of education have 
power to grant special certificates, authorizing the holders to 
serve as a librarian .... in the schools of the county. No li- 
brarian shall be employed for more than two hours a day in 
any high school, unless such librarian holds a high school 
certificate or a special teachers’ certificate in library craft 
technique and use, of secondary grade.” 

A plan for voluntary certification was adopted by the Cali- 
fornia Library Association in accordance with a resolution 
adopted at the annual meeting of the association in 1921. 
Under this plan, certificates are granted only to paid-up mem- 
bers of the California Library Association, on payment of 
$1 when the application is filed and $1 when the certif- 
icate is granted. Under the latest revision (January, 1926) 
three kinds of certificates are provided for as follows: 


I. A Special Executive Certificate will be granted on application 
to anyone fulfilling the following requirements: 


1. Education. Graduation from an approved college. 


2. Training. Not less than one year of study in a li- 
brary school giving a full school year’s course of in- 


a. ; : 
struction with recommendation of the director. 
3. Experience. Five years of successful executive li- 
brary experience. 
or 
1. Education. Not less than a four-year course in an 
approved high school or its equivalent. 
b. 2. Experience, fifteen years of successful library experi- 


ence, of which at least five years have been in 
executive work. (See note concerning equivalents. ) 


98 PuBLic LIBRARIES 


II. A General Professional Certificate will be granted on applica- 
tion to anyone fulfilling the following requirements: 


1. Education. Graduation from an approved college. 


2. Training. Not less than one year of study in a libra- 
ry school, giving a full school year’s course of in- 
a struction with recommendation of the director. 


3. Experience. None required, but accepted as equiva- 
lents for education and training. (See note con- 
cerning equivalents.) 


or 

1. Education. Not less than a four-year course in an 
approved high school or its equivalent. 

b. 2. Experience. Ten years of successful experience in 


general or special library work. (See note con- 
cerning equivalents.) 


III. An Elementary Certificate will be granted to anyone fulfilling 
the following requirements: 


1. Education. Not less than one year of successful 
study in an approved college. 


2. Training. One year of study in a library school giv- 
ing a full school year’s course of instruction with 


eh recommendation of the director. 

3. Experience. None required, but accepted as equiva- 
lents for education and training. (See note con- 
cerning equivalents. ) 

or 

1. Education. Not less than a four-year course in an 
approved high school or in an institution of equal 
standing. 

b. 


2. Experience. Four years’ successful library ex- 
perience, for part of which training may be accepted 
as substitute if approved by the committee. 


Equivalents in study or experience, for college education and li- 


THE STAFF 99 


brary school training will be considered in every case. Two years 
of successful experience will be considered equivalent to one year 
of college or of library school study. 

Anyone who has not had the necessary college study or library 
school training, nor their equivalents in experience, may qualify for 
any certificate by passing an examination for the certificate desired. 

In the case of a Special Executive Certificate no equivalent is ac- 
cepted for the five years’ successful executive library experience. 

The committee, in defining executive, takes into consideration 
such factors as size of library, number of books circulated, number 
of employes, amount of money in budget, ability to co-operate with 
fellow workers, etc. 

The minimum requirement is not less than a four-year course in 
an approved high school or in an institution of equal standing. 


Applications are considered, and certificates are issued, by 
a certification committee of the California Library Associa- 
tion. This committee consists of five members, appointed by 
the president for terms of five years from members of the 
association who are engaged in library work and are not con- 
nected with any training school. Certificates granted may be 
revoked by the committee for cause. The total number of 
certificates issued to date (June, 1926) is 562, of which 147 
have been issued since May 1, 1926, under the impulse of in- 
creased interest in the certification system and the relation 
believed to exist between certification and better salaries. 


Iowa.—A plan of voluntary certification was adopted 
by the Iowa Library Association in 1919. The board of 
certification consists of five members: the chairman of the 
lowa Library Commission, ex officio, who shall be chairman 
of the board; the secretary of the lowa Library Commission, 
ex officio, who shall be secretary of the board; and one trus- 
tee, one librarian, and one assistant, elected by the association 
for terms of three years. Certificates of four grades may be 
issued, which, with their alternative requirements, are as 
follows : 


100 Pusriic Lrprarieés 


GRADE A LIFE CERTIFICATE 


I; 


Education: Full college course. 

Library training: At least one year library school course. 

Experience: Three years’ acceptable administrative service or re- 
quiring special technical qualifications in an approved library of 
50,000 volumes or over or in a town of 50,000 population or over, 
or— 

Five years’ acceptable administrative service or requiring 

special technical qualifications in a smaller approved library. 


Z 


Education: Three years’ college work. 

Library training: One year library school work. 

Experience: Three years’ acceptable administrative service or re- 
quiring special technical qualifications in an approved library of 
50,000 volumes or over or in a town of 50,000 population or 
over, or— . 

Five years’ administrative service or requiring special techni- 
cal qualifications in a smaller approved library. 


3. 


In lieu of college and library school training the board may grant a 
Grade A Certificate for ten years’ notable administrative service 
in a library of 50,000 volumes or over or in a town of 50,000 
population or over at the time this schedule is adopted and the 
presentation of a thesis on a designated phase of library 
economy. 


GRADE B- FIve-YEAR CERTIFICATE 


1. 


Education: Two years’ college work. 
Library training: One year approved library school course. 
Experience: Three years’ acceptable service in an approved library. 


@: 


Education: Graduate of an approved normal school. 

Library training: One year approved library school course. 

Experience: Three years’ acceptable library service in an approved 
library. 


THE STAFF 101 


3 
Education: High school certificate. 
Library training: One year approved library school course. 
Experience: Three years in an approved library. 


4, 
In lieu of either college or library school training. 
Education: High school certificate. 
Experience: Five years’ acceptable service in an approved library. 
Thesis: On a designated phase of library economy. 


oF 
In lieu of both college and library school courses. 
Education: High school certificate. 
Thesis: On a designated phase of library economy. 
Experience: Ten years’ successful service in an approved library. 
To be renewed for life upon furnishing evidence of successful 
service during the period of certificate. 


GRADE C THREE-YEAR CERTIFICATE 


Education: Full high school course or its equivalent. 

Library training: Six weeks’ approved summer school course. 
Experience: Three years’ acceptable service in an approved library. 
To be renewed for five years. 


GRADE D ONE-YEAR CERTIFICATE 


1. 

Education: Full high school course or its equivalent. 

Library training: Six months’ acceptable apprentice work in an 
approved library under a librarian holding at least a Grade B 
certificate. 

ai 

A Grade D certificate to be granted to holder of certificates from 
the Iowa Library Summer School when recommended by the 
faculty. 

Credit will also be given in Grades C and D for reading in an 
approved course in library economy. 

Administrative service to be understood as work at head of a 
library or a department involving the direction of other workers. 

In each grade such equivalents to be accepted for educational 


102 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


qualifications and library school and summer school training as shall 
be approved by the National Board of Certification. 


To date, nineteen certificates have been issued in Iowa: 
eight life certificates, five five-year certificates, five three-year 
certificates, and one one-year certificate. 

New York.—A plan of voluntary certification is oper- 
ated by the regents of the University of the State of New 
York. Since the beginning of the certification plan in New 
York in 1923, a total of 322 certificates have been granted: 
Librarian’s Professional Grade A, 56; Librarian’s Profes- 
sional Grade B, 107; Librarian’s Professional Grade C, 70; 
Library Worker’s Grade A, 73; Library Worker’s Grade B, 
16. The rules governing the issuance of certificates “to libra- 
rians and library workers,” as amended June 26, 1924, are 
as follows: 


Certificates based upon general and professional education, ex- 
amination and evidence of successful experience in library work 
may be issued by the president of the university to candidates hav- 
ing the qualifications hereinafter prescribed. 


1. LIBRARIAN’S PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE GRADE A. 


a. General education. Four years’ full work in an approved col- 
lege or university or satisfactory evidence of educational attainments 
substantially equivalent thereto. 

b. Professional education. One year’s full work in an approved 
library school with evidence of satisfactory completion; or, a mini- 
mum rating of 75 per cent. in a Regents examination in library 
economy. 

c. Experience. An approved library experience of 5 years in a 
position of high responsibility and authority requiring the exercise 
of independent judgment and decision. 

d. Alternative. In lieu of the requirements above prescribed in a 
and b, there may be accepted satisfactory evidence of distinguished 
or substantially equivalent educational and professional attainments ; 
or, approved corresponding service grades acquired in libraries in 
the state of New York, whose formally adopted provisions for the 


THe STAFF 103 


appointment and promotion of employees establish standards, as de- 
termined by records of training or special tests, substantially equiva- 
lent to the requirements above mentioned; and in every case an 
approved library experience of 5 years in a position of high responsi- 
bility and authority requiring the exercise of independent judgment 
and decision, in a library of at least 50,000 volumes or of one situ- 
ated in a community having a population of 50,000 or over. 
Such certificate shall be valid for life. 


2. LIBRARIAN’S PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE GRADE B. 


a. General education. Two years’ full work in an approved col- 
lege or university or satisfactory evidence of educational attain- 
ments substantially equivalent thereto; or, graduation from an ap- 
proved normal school; or, 4 years’ full work in an approved high 
school or institution of equivalent standards with evidence of satis- 
factory completion and in addition thereto a minimum rating of 75 
per cent. in a Regents examination in literature and general in- 
formation. 

b. Professional education. One year’s full work in an approved 
library school with evidence of satisfactory completion; or, a mini- 
mum rating of 75 per cent. in a Regents examination in library 
economy. 

c. Experience. An approved library experience of 5 years in a 
position of considerable responsibility and authority; or, 1 year’s 
full work in an approved library school and an approved library ex- 
perience of 2 years acquired subsequent to the training; or, 2 years’ 
full work in an approved library school and an approved library 
experience of 1 year acquired subsequent to the training. 

d. Alternative. In lieu of the requirements above prescribed in a 
and b, there may be accepted approved corresponding service grades 
acquired in libraries in the state of New York, whose formally 
adopted provisions for the appointment and promotion of employees 
establish standards, as determined by records of training or special 
tests, substantially equivalent to the requirements above mentioned, 
and an approved library experience of 5 years in a position of con- 
siderable responsibility and authority. 

Such certificate shall be valid for 5 years from date of issue and 
may be renewed for life upon submission of evidence of successful 
work during the period for which the certificate was issued. 


104 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


3. LIBRARIAN’S PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE GRADE C. 


a. General education. Two years’ full work in an approved col- 
lege or university or satisfactory evidence of educational attain- 
ments substantially equivalent thereto; or, graduation from an ap- 
proved normal school; or, 4 years’ full work in an approved high 
school or institution of equivalent standards with evidence of satis- 
factory completion and in addition thereto a minimum rating of 75 
per cent. in a Regents examination in literature and general in- 
formation. 

b. Professional education. One year’s full work in an approved 
library school with evidence of satisfactory completion; or, a mini- 
mum rating of 75 per cent. in a Regents examination in library 
economy. 

c. Experience. None required of candidates who have had the 
training in an approved library school; all others, an approved li- 
brary experience of 3 years. 

d. Alternative. In lieu of the requirements above prescribed in 
a and b, there may be accepted approved corresponding service 
grades acquired in libraries in the state of New York, whose for- 
mally adopted provisions for the appointment and promotion of em- 
ployees establish standards, as determined by records of training or 
special tests, substantially equivalent to the requirements above 
mentioned, and an approved library experience of 3 years. 

Such certificate shall be valid for 5 years from date of issue and 
may be renewed for a like period upon submission of evidence of 
successful work during the period for which the certificate was 
issued. 


4. LIBRARY WoRKER’S CERTIFICATE GRADE A. 


a. General education. Four years’ full work in an approved high 
school or institution of equivalent standards with evidence of satis- 
factory completion; or, 2 years’ full work in such school or institu- 
tion and a minimum rating of 75 per cent. in a Regents examination 
in literature and general information. 


b. Technical education. Six weeks’ full work in a short library 
course in an approved library school or training class with evidence 
of satisfactory completion; or, a minimum rating of 75 per cent. in 
a Regents examination in library economy. 


THE STAFF 105 


c. Experience. An approved library experience of 2 years 
averaging not less than 10 hours’ work a week. 

Such certificate shall be valid for 3 years from date of issue 
and may be renewed for a like period upon submission of evidence 
of successful work during the period for which the certificate was 
issued. 


5. Lrprary WorKER’S CERTIFICATE GRADE B. 


a. General education. Four years’ full work in an approved high 
school or institution of equivalent standards with evidence of satis- 
factory completion; or, 2 years’ full work in such school or institu- 
tion and a minimum rating of 75 per cent. in a Regents examination 
in literature and general information. 

b. Technical education. Not less than 6 weeks’ full work in a 
short library course in an approved library school or training class 
with evidence of satisfactory completion; or, a minimum rating of 
75 per cent. in a Regents examination in library economy. 

c. Experience. An approved library experience of 6 months 
averaging not less than 10 hours’ work a week. 

Such certificate shall be valid for 2 years from date of issue and 
may be renewed for a like period upon submission of evidence of 
successful work during the period for which the certificate was 
issued. 


Places and Times for Examination. Applicants will be duly in- 
formed of the examinations which shall be adapted to the grade of 
certificate sought and shall be held in January and June during the 
week in which Regents examinations-occur, at such places as may be 
designated from time to time by the University. 


Ohio.—The county library law creates a state board 
of library examiners, consisting of the librarians of the two 
public libraries of largest circulation in the state, the director 
of state library service, and two persons representing rural 
library work chosen by the state library commission. The 
members chosen by the state library commission shall serve 
for four years, one appointment expiring every second year. 
“Such board shall examine applicants for the position of 
county district librarian. No person who has not received a 


106 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


certificate of qualification from the state board of library 
examiners shall be employed as librarian in charge of any 
county library district.” 

Only one county library is at present operating under this 
law, and there has thus far been no occasion for the board of 
examiners to function. 

Oklahoma.—The state law provides that the Oklahoma 
Library Commission shall constitute a board of library 
examiners who shall issue librarians’ certificates under rea- 
sonable rules and regulations to be promulgated by the board ; 
that no person shall be appointed head librarian in any free 
public library or in any state school or public school library, 
in any city of the first class, who is not in possession of 
a library certificate issued by this board. Upon submission 
of satisfactory evidence that no qualified librarian is avail- 
able for appointment, a temporary certificate, valid for one 
year, may be issued upon written application of the library 
board. Such certificates shall not be renewed or extended. 
Librarians holding positions at the time of the passage of 
this act were entitled to receive life certificates in accordance 
with positions then held, without examination. 

The requirements for certification are as follows: 


First GRADE CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Four years’ college course. 

B. Library training: Library degree from a library school approved 
by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

In lieu of above college and library training, ten years’ adminis- 
trative library work prior to January 1, 1926, will entitle the ap- 
plicant to a librarian’s certificate of the first grade. 


SECOND GRADE CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Four years’ college course. 

B. Library training: One year of a library school course approved 
by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

C. Experience: One year’s administrative library experience. 


THE STAFF 107 


In lieu of above, six years’ administrative library work prior to 
January 1, 1926, will entitle the applicant to a certificate of the 
second grade. 


TEACHER-LIBRARIAN CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Four years’ college course. 

B. Library training: Six weeks’ library school in a school approved 
by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

In lieu of library school training, one year’s acceptable library ex- 
perience in a library of 10,000 volumes under a librarian with 
first grade librarian’s certificate will entitle the applicant to a 
teacher-librarian’s certificate. 


TuHiIrRD GRADE CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Two years’ college course. 

B. Library training: Six weeks’ library school in a school approved 
by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

C. Experience: One year’s administrative library experience. 

OR 

A. Education: Four years’ high school course. 

B. Library training: One year in apprentice class of library ap- 
proved by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

In lieu of above, four years’ administrative library experience prior 
to January 1, 1926, will entitle the applicant to a certificate of 
the third grade. 


LIBRARY WORKER’S CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Four years’ high school course. 

B. Library training: Six weeks’ library course in a school approved 
by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

In lieu of above, two years’ library experience will entitle the ap- 
plicant to a library worker’s certificate. 


ONE-YEAR TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE 


A. Education: Four years’ high school course. 

B. Library training: Six weeks’ library school training in a school 
approved by the A.L.A. Training Board. 

In lieu of above, affidavit of a library board that no qualified appli- 
cant is available and the passing of a general education test 
with a grade of not less than 75 per cent. will entitle the appli- 
cant to a temporary certificate. 


108 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Certificates are not issued to residents of other states un- 
til they have given satisfactory proof of their intention to 
establish their residence in Oklahoma. The board meets to 
grant certificates or to conduct examinations every three 
months. Since the enactment of this law, in 1925, forty- 
seven certificates have been issued. 

South Dakota.—A voluntary certification plan was 
adopted in 1917 by the South Dakota Library Association. 
The board of certification consists of five members. The 
chairman shall be a member of the South Dakota Library 
Commission, elected by that body; the secretary shall be the 
state field librarian; of the remaining three members, two 
shall be librarians from public libraries, and one shall be a 
librarian from an educational institution, elected by the state 
library association for terms of three years. Certificates are 
issued as follows: 


CLASSES TOR CERTIFICATES 
Librarian’s certificates shall be of three grades as follows: 


LIFE CERTIFICATE 
Ts 


Education: Full college course. 

Library training: At least one year of library school. 

Experience: Three years’ successful administrative service in a li- 
brary organized and cataloged according to a standard system, 
the work of which is approved by the board of certification. 


II. 
Education: Two years’ college or two years’ advanced normal. 
Library training: At least one year library school. 
Experience: Six years’ successful service in an approved library 
meeting the requirements as stated above 


Hil. 


In lieu of college and library school, the board may grant a certifi- 
cate for: 


THE STAFF 109 


Experience: Eight years’ successful administrative experience in an 
approved library and the successful passing of a practical ex- 
amination in library economy and the presentation of a thesis 
on a subject approved by the board. Equal credit shall be given 
for examination and thesis. 

In the case of librarians who have had one year in library school but 
who cannot meet the college requirement, a thesis only shall be 
required. 


FivE- YEAR CERTIFICATE 


it 


Education: Two years’ college or advanced normal. 
Library training: One year library school. 


II. 


Education: Full high school course. 
Library training: One year library school. 
Experience: Two years’ experience in an approved library. 


III. 


Education: One year college or advanced normal. 

Library training: Six weeks’ summer school and credit for reading 
course in library economy for second grade. 

Experience: Four years’ experience in an approved library. 


LV; 


In lieu of college and library school, the board may grant a cer- 
tificate for: 

Experience: Six years’ successful administrative service in an ap- 
proved library and the writing of a thesis on a designated phase 
of library economy. 


THREE- YEAR CERTIFICATE 
YR 


Education: Full high school course or its equivalent. 
Library training: One year library school. 


Te 


Education: Full high school course. 
Library training: Six weeks’ summer school. 
Experience: Four years’ experience. 


110 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


ONE-YEAR CERTIFICATE 


le 
Education: Full high school course or its equivalent. 
Library training: Six weeks’ summer school. 
IT. 
Education: Full high school course or its equivalent. 
Library training: One year’s apprentice course and credit for read- 
ing course in library economy for this grade. 
III. 


In lieu of the apprentice course not less than six days’ attendance at 
the institute conducted by the South Dakota Free Library Com- 
mission may be substituted. 


READING LIST FOR CERTIFICATION 


Bostwick, Arthur E.—American public library. 
Olcott, Frances Jenkins—The children’s reading. 
Wyer, J. 1—U. S. government documents. 
Learned, William S.—American public library and the diffusion of 
knowledge. 
Walter, Frank K.—Periodicals for the small library. 
Wheeler, Joseph L.—The library and the community. 
OR 


Ward, Gilbert O.—Publicity for public libraries. 
Six months’ issues of Public Libraries or Library Journal. 


Tennessee.—The county library law of Tennessee cre- 
ated a state board of library examiners, consisting of the 
state librarian, who is ex officio chairman of the board, the 
state superintendent of education, the librarians of the four 
principal free libraries in Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, 
and Knoxville, and the president of the Tennessee Library 
Association or one appointed by the president. This board, 
however, is not at present functioning, because no libraries 
have been established under the county library law. It is 
provided that this board shall pass upon the qualifications of 
all persons desiring to become county librarians, and may, in 


Tue STAFF 111 


writing, adopt rules and regulations for carrying out the pur- 
poses of the law. All employes of the county free library 
whose duties require special training in library work shall be 
graded in grades to be established by this board according to 
the duties required of them, experience in library work, and 
other qualifications required. 

Texas.—The county library law provides that no per- 
son shall be eligible to the office of county librarian unless 
prior to his appointment he has received from the state 
board of library examiners a certificate of qualification for 
office. This board consists of the state librarian, who shall 
be chairman ex officio, the librarian of the state university, 
ex officio, and three other well trained librarians of the state, 
who shall at first be selected by the state librarian and the 
librarian of the state university. Their terms shall be for six 
years, one retiring every two years. Successors of retiring 
members shall be chosen by the remaining members of the 
board. 

Applicants for certification are given a written examina- 
tion, which is passed upon by all the members of the board, 
and if successful in this must have an oral examination with 
a member of the board. Certificates are issued for two years, 
at the end of which they may be renewed without further 
examination if the work done as county librarian is satis- 
factory to the board. If the work is not entirely satisfactory 
the librarian is required to take library school training or to 
take another examination. Sixteen certificates have been 
issued since the law went into effect in 1919; eight of these 
have not been renewed. | 

Utah.—The county library law provides that no per- 
son shall be eligible to the office of county librarian unless 
prior to appointment he has received from the state board of 
education a certificate of qualification for the office. 

Wisconsin.—A public library certification board is 


4 Pustic LIBRARIES 


created by the state law, consisting of five members: two, tu 
be appointed by the governor, who shall be librarians or full- 
time assistants in public libraries in second, third, or fourth 
class cities of not less than 4,000 population; one, to be ap- 
pointed by the governor, who is a trustee of a public library ; 
one, to be selected by the Free Library Commission, who isa 
member of the Free Library Commission staff ; and one mem- 
ber of the faculty of the University of Wisconsin, not con- 
nected with library work, to be elected by the president of 
the university. Each member shall serve for a term of five 
years. The member selected by the Free Library Commis- 
sion shall serve as secretary of the board. 

No person shall be appointed librarian or full-time assist- 
ant in any public library, except in a city of the first class, 
who does not hold a library certificate. Certificates are 1s- 
sued in four grades, as follows: 


Grade One: Requiring three years’ college work, a one-year course 
in an accredited library school, and two years’ successful library 
experience. 

Grade Two: Requiring one year’s college work, a one-year course 
in an accredited library school, and two years’ successful library 
experience. 

Grade Three: Requiring high school graduation, a six-weeks’ 
course in an accredited library school, and one year’s successful li- 
brary experience. 

Grade Four: Requiring high school graduation, and including 
such additional requirements as shall satisfy the board that the ap- 
plicant is able to do successful library work in the position to which 
such library certificate makes such applicant eligible. 


The following is a summary of the most essential pro- 
visions of the law governing the issuance of certificates. 


Whenever any applicant does not have the prescribed academic 
and library school training, the board may issue a certificate of any 
grade if it satisfy itself, by examination or otherwise, that the ap- 
plicant has attainments substantially the equivalent of such pre- 


THE STAFF te) 


scribed education and training and that all other conditions are met. 

The board may issue to any person who has the required academic 
and library training qualifications but lacks the required library 
experience, a license to engage in certain library work for not to 
exceed one year. If at the end of the year the board is satisfied 
that said person has done successful work, it may renew such license 
for one year in cases where two years’ experience is required to 
qualify for the certificate desired. 

No person who does not hold a first grade certificate shall be 
employed as librarian in charge of a public library, in a city of 8,000 
population or over, except in a city of the first class. 

No person who does not hold at least a second grade certificate 
shall be employed as librarian in charge of a public library in a city 
of not less than 4,000 and not more than 8,000 population. 

No person who does not hold at least a third grade certificate 
shall be employed as librarian in charge of a public library in a 
city of not less than 2,000 and not more than 4,000 population. 

If the certification board is of the opinion that a library board, in 
a city of 2,000 population or over, is unable to secure a librarian who 
holds the requisite certificate, it may grant to such library board a 
permit to employ a person without the required certificate for a 
period of not to exceed six months, and such permit, in case of 
emergency, may be once renewed for a period of six months. 


The number of certificates issued in Wisconsin since Janu- 
ary 1, 1923, when the law went into effect, is as follows: 
First grade, 65; second grade, 53; third grade, 105; fourth 
grade, 50; total number of certificates, 273. Two permits 
and 37 licenses have been granted. 


III. APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS 


In all but a very few of the libraries reporting the appoint- 
ment of the librarian is made by the board of trustees, or by 
whatever body or official is charged with responsibility for the 
administration of the library. If the position comes under 
civil service requirements, these of course dictate the method 
of selection. Where the library is under the direction of the 


114 Pustic LIBRARIES 


school board or board of education, as in Battle Creek, Flint, 
Indianapolis, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Muskegon, and Terre 
Haute, this board of course has all the usual powers of libra- 
ry trustees, including the appointment of the librarian. In 
cities which are under the city manager form of govern- 
ment and which have no library board, the city manager ordi- 
narily has the appointing power, as in Long Beach (under 
regulations of the city charter and subject to ratification by 
the city council), Sacramhento, and Stockton. In St. Paul, 
under commission government, the commissioner of educa- 
tion has supervision of the library and appoints the librarian. 
In Duluth, under commission government, the appointment 
is made by the mayor. 

Appointment is made by the mayor in several smaller libra- 
ries, also, notwithstanding the fact that there is a board of 
library trustees, and in a few of these the mayor appoints 
not only the librarian but the assistants. In Havre, Mont., 
the appointment of the librarian is made by the library board, 
subject to approval by the city council, and in Fairmont, 
Minn., the appointment must be approved by the mayor. 

Only two libraries that are not under civil service report 
definitely that the appointment of the librarian is based on an 
examination, though several of the small libraries state that 
it is based partly on examination, apparently informal and 
non-competitive in nature. The Seymour Library, in Au- 
burn, N. Y., reports that an oral and a written examination 
are given. The Morrisson-Reeves Library in Richmond, 
Ind., reports that the last two appointments were based on an 
examination, covering knowledge of library methods. In all 
the libraries where the position is under civil service, with 
the exception of Syracuse, the appointment is based entirely 
or in large part on an examination. This may be an “as- 
sembled” examination, as in Binghamton and Jersey City, 
or non-assembled, as in Chicago and Poughkeepsie. 


THE STAFF 115 


In most libraries the appointment is made for an indefinite 
period, or “at the pleasure of the board.” In approximately 
one-fifth of the libraries reporting it is made for a definite 
period. This is usually one year, but sometimes longer: in 
Indianapolis the appointment is for four years and in St. 
Louis it is for five years. 

In Arizona a state law provides that the trustees of a pub- 
lic library may elect a librarian “who shall be a resident of 
the city.” (Revised statutes of Arizona, 1913, p. 656.) 

Staff appointments.—Approximately two-thirds of the 
libraries reporting state that members of the staff are ap- 
pointed by the board in conjunction with the librarian or on 
his recommendation. The figures do not indicate the precise 
degree of difference which may exist between a method 
which is so described and the methods reported by other li- 
braries where appointments are said to be made by the libra- 
rian. Approximately 12 per cent. of the libraries of more 
than 20,000 volumes, and 8 per cent. of the smaller libraries, 
report that appointments are made by the librarian; ap- 
proximately 15 per cent. of the larger libraries and 35 per 
cent. of the smaller, report that they are made by the board. 
Among those which report that the librarian appoints are 
Bridgeport, Des Moines, Hartford, Knoxville, Memphis, 
Pittsburgh, Sioux City, and Washington. In Sacramento 
appointments are made by the librarian, subject to the ap- 
proval of the city manager. 

In Brooklyn all staff appointments are made by the execu- 
tive committee of the board, on the recommendation of the 
chief librarian and the administration committee. In New 
York, Circulation Department, they are made by the commit- 
tee on circulation, on the recommendation of the chief of the 
circulation department and the approval of the director of the 
library, subject to the approval of the executive committee 
of the board; in the Reference Department they are made by 


L1G Pusiic LIBRARIES 


the executive committee of the board, on the director’s recom- 
mendation. In St. Louis they are made by the board, on a 
favorable report of the administration committee on the libra- 
rian’s recommendation. 

Reports from the libraries of less than 20,000 volumes in- 
dicate that local residents are employed almost exclusively. 
Among the larger libraries 125 out of 164 report that, other 
things being equal, preference is given to local residents. 

Definite age limits governing appointments are reported 
by very few. Several, including Evansville, Louisville, 
Memphis, and San Francisco, report limits of 18 and 35. A 
minimum of 18 is reported by Nashville and New Rochelle. 
Similar limits are reported by others as being ordinarily con- 
sidered desirable, especially for admission to a training class. 
Worcester has limits of 18 and 30 for junior assistants and 
of 21 and 35 for senior assistants. East Orange reports 
that the New Jersey Civil Service Commission usually quotes 
the following as desirable limits: 18 to 25 for junior assist- 
ants; 22 to 30 for senior assistants; and 25 to 40 for heads 
of departments. Each examination set by the commission 
prescribes the age limits for that examination, and the “ap- 
pointing authority” (the librarian) is permitted to state his 
or her preference as to what the limits should be. 

Examinations for appointment.—Appointments to po- 
sitions on the staff are based wholly or partly on examinations 
in all of the libraries which are under civil service, with the 
exception of Syracuse, where the “examination” is merely a 
formal statement of education, training and service. In 
Rochester also the examination sometimes takes this form, 
but written examinations are sometimes given. In San 
Diego the written examination counts seven points, education 
one and a half, personality one, and seniority half a point. 
In Long Beach, in the two examinations that have been held 
since civil service was incorporated in the city charter in 


THE STAFF 117 


1921, the army efficiency test was the only written examina- 
tion; rating was based also on education, personality, and 
efficiency, and the librarian was given a large part in de- 
termining the final grade. 


In most of the libraries reporting the papers are prepared 
and rated by the civil service commission, but in Evanston 
and Poughkeepsie both the preparation and the rating are 
done by the library. In Chicago the library prepares and 
rates the papers, and the commission compiles the efficiency 
rating from the monthly efficiency records reported to it by 
the library. In San Diego the papers are sometimes prepared 
by the librarian, and sometimes by the librarian of another 
city, at the request of the civil service commission, and are 
rated by the librarian of another city who is paid by the com- 
mission for the service. In New Rochelle the library states 
its requirements and suggests questions, and the examination 
is conducted by the commission in conjunction with the 
library. 

In most of the large libraries which are not under civil 
service, and in most of the smaller libraries which conduct 
training or apprentice courses, appointments are indirectly 
based on examinations by reason of the requirement that ap- 
pointees must be graduates of a library school or of the libra- 
ry’s own training class, or must have had experience in other 
libraries where similar requirements prevail. Very few, 
however, report that examinations are regularly, if ever, 
given as a prerequisite for appointment to specific vacancies. 
In the libraries which are not under civil service, examina- 
tions are thus confined very largely to tests given to staff 
members to establish their fitness for promotion. In Bos- 
ton an examination is required for appointment to all posi- 
tions below the rank of department head. The papers cover 
knowledge of literature, history, foreign language, current 


118 Pustic LIBRARIES 


topics, geography and arithmetic (in lower grades), and 
(in higher grades) library technique. 

Principles of promotion.—Practically all of the libra- 
ries reporting state that in all positions on the professional 
staff, from the lowest up to or including the position of de- 
partment head at least, vacancies are ordinarily filled by pro- 
motion if there is anyone in a lower grade who is qualified 
to fill the vacancy. Many replies indicate also that the same 
principle is followed whenever possible in filling vacancies 
in the higher positions. In libraries which have a graded 
service, salary increases within a grade are usually automatic 
(assuming reasonably satisfactory service) up to a specified 
limit. Promotions from one grade to another are usually de- 
pendent on vacancies in the higher grade, but in a few libra- 
ries promotions may be made in rank, irrespective of vacan- 
cies in specific positions. Thus, in Berkeley, promotions are 
sometimes made regardless of vacancies; in Grand Rapids 
promotions are made, irrespective of positions, on the basis 
of the quality of work done; in Toledo promotions in rank, 
carrying salary increases, are made irrespective of specific 
positions. St. Louis reports that promotions and salary in- 
creases are to some extent independent; a promotion usually, 
but not always, involves an increase, and comparatively few 
increases are unaccompanied by promotion. 

Eligible lists of staff members who have qualified for pro- 
motion are kept in only a few of the libraries reporting: 
Birmingham, Boston, Brooklyn, Cleveland, East Orange, 
Jersey City, New York (Circulation Department), Portland, 
Ore., Queens Borough, N. Y., St. Louis, San Diego, and San 
Francisco. 

The general principles governing promotions are definitely 
stated by several libraries as follows: 


Indianapolis: Promotion to a higher grade when the maximum 


THE STAFF 119 


is reached in a given grade, or to one involving different qualifica- 
tions, is conditioned on satisfactory efficiency ratings and promo- 
tion tests made in previous grades by qualified and eligible appli- 
cants. Seniority of service does not in itself justify promotion or 
increase in compensation. The latter depend upon a satisfactory 
increase in the value of service rendered. Length of service unac- 
companied by increased efficiency is rather a reason against than in 
favor of an advance in salary. 

Minneapolis: Requisites for promotion to a higher grade or in- 
crease in salary within the grade involve, in general, four things, 
noticeable lack of any one of which may hinder or prevent promo- 
tion: (a) Education. This may be determined by certificate or 
diploma, or, failing these, by examination; (b) Special fitness. 
This is ascertained by reports of work, or if desirable by examina- 
tion also; (c) Increased efficiency. Exceptional efficiency and rapid 
growth will be recognized by more rapid promotion; (d) Personal 
qualifications. These are judged by personal knowledge and by 
report. 

New York (Circulation Department): Promotions between the 
several grades are based upon educational and technical tests and 
service ratings, including personal qualifications. 

St. Louis: Qualifications required for promotion involve in gen- 
eral three things—education, special fitness, and personality. Failure 
in any one of these will exclude from promotion. Edu- 
cation is determined by certificate or diploma; or failing these, by 
examination. Special fitness is ascertained partly by examination, 
partly by reports of work. Personal qualifications are judged by 
personal knowledge or by report. For the two upper grades, only 
such persons as are designated by the librarian as likely to receive 
promotion are admitted to the tests. Competition in the lower 
grades is generally open to all, except that occasionally an assistant 
not likely to be promoted may be advised that it would be a waste 
of time to enter. 


Promotional tests.—An examination is a part of the 
requirements for promotion in the following libraries: 

Boston: Technical or other subjects directly connected with the 
work of the position. 


Bridgeport: Would not be given unless other qualifications were 
satisfactory. 


120 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Brooklyn: Book selection and library administration. 

Chicago: Professional library topics. 

Cleveland: In addition to the apprentice course examinations, ap- 
prentices who have not a college degree are required to pass an en- 
trance examination in literature, history, and general information 
before promotion to the grade of junior assistant. Promotion from 
junior assistant to assistant is based on satisfactory service and a 
technical examination. 

Detroit: General professional and book questions aiming to throw 
light on development of judgment and professional understanding, 
rather than on routine detail. 

East Orange: Examinations are held if required by the civil 
service commission. Subjects depend on the nature of the position 
to be filled. 

Jersey City: Experience, literature, history, government, library 
economy. 

New Rochelle: Mostly technical, based on requirements. 

New York (Circulation Department): Literature, library 
economy, general information, and language, depending on the grade 
for which the examination is given. A thesis on administration of a 
branch library is required for the grade of branch librarian. 

Queens Borough, N. Y.: Literature, history, library economy. 

Rochester: Civil service requirements. 

St. Paul: Civil service requirements. 


San Diego: Senior examinations cover loan and _ registration 
methods; book selection, adult and juvenile; simple classification 
and cataloging; reference books and general literature. Examina- 
tions for “principal assistant” cover problems of the department in 
which the appointment is to be made. 


Somerville: Technical and educational. 
Toledo: Book knowledge and work of the Toledo Public Library. 
Worcester: Mostly high school subjects. 


In the Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, examinations are re- 
quired for promotion in the lower grades. For promotion to 
“assistant to department head” the preparation of “a special 
technical or bibliographical piece of work” is required; for 
promotion to department head, “‘a thesis on administration of 
the department vacant; a contribution, written or drawn, to- 


THe STAFF 121 


ward improving conditions or work in one department or 
more in the Grosvenor Library.’ In St. Louis, likewise, the 
problem method is used as a promotional test, in place of or 
to supplement an examination. The test for the grade of 
first assistant is a written examination on library economy, 
an oral examination on current events, and “the preparation 
of an annotated bibliography suitable for publication”; for 
the grade of department head and branch librarian the test is 
“the preparation of a thesis involving an original investiga- 
tion of some sort in connection with the work of this library, 
of actual value in administration and not simply per- 
functory.” 

Only two of the libraries in which promotions are based 
partly on examinations report definitely the relative im- 
portance attached to the examination, to the “efficiency” 
records of the candidate, to special reports on her work, and 
to length of service. In Chicago the examination counts 5 
points, the efficiency rating 4, and length of service 1; in 
Somerville the examination counts 40 per cent. and the eff- 
ciency rating 60 per cent. Worcester bases the promotion half 
on a written examination and half on a personality test, 
which is largely a service record; New York, Circulation 
Department, reports that the examination and the efficiency 
rating are considered of equal importance. Among libraries 
where no examinations are held, Birmingham counts 60 per 
cent. on efficiency rating and 20 per cent. each on length of 
service and special reports; Indianapolis and St. Joseph 
rank efficiency ratings of first importance, special reports 
second, and length of service third. Other reports are in- 
definite, but indicate that seniority, in most libraries, is a 
determining factor only when qualifications in other respects 
are equal. 

Efficiency rating—Formal efficiency records of the 
members of the staff are kept by only twenty-three of all the 


122 Pustic LIBRARIES 


libraries reporting. All of these are libraries of more than 
100,000 volumes with the exception of East Orange and 
Long Beach, where the records are required by the civil 
service commission, and St. Joseph. Efficiency records 
usually are kept for all employes in the professional graded 
service, or for all below the rank of department head, and 
are usually based on reports made on each assistant by the 
head of the department. These reports, in most of the libra- 
ries, are made once a yeat or oftener. In Jersey City, Long 
Beach, and Oakland they are made once a month, and in San 
Diego every two months; Chicago makes an annual “eff- 
ciency estimate,” which is supplemented by a monthly “eff- 
ciency report.” Long Beach keeps a staff rating record, 
which is revised annually, in which education, training, ex- 
perience, and efficiency are expressed in terms of figures. 
The record is used chiefly as a guide in making salary 
changes, and has been found very useful. Cleveland makes a 
full report annually, and a brief report at the middle of the 
year. 

For the purpose of the efficiency reports, more or less 
formidable blanks are provided, with spaces for rating or 
comment on education and general information, adminis- 
trative ability, personal qualities, and character of work. The 
“personal efficiency record’”’ used. in Seattle, for instance, calls 
for rating as excellent, very good, average, fair, or poor, on 
the following points: punctuality, quickness, accuracy, sys- 
tem, thoroughness, neatness in work, resourcefulness, loyalty, 
judgment, adaptability, knowledge of books, courtesy, busi- 
nesslike qualities, ability to please the public, sense of re- 
sponsibility, self-possession in emergency, ability to follow 
instructions, executive ability, professional interest, con- 
geniality with staff, physical endurance, neatness and ap- 
propriateness of dress, whether inclined to ask for special 
privileges, whether inclined to visit with staff or public, 


Tue STAFF 123 


special fitness for the work of this position, ability to take 
criticism kindly and to profit by it. Most of the efficiency 
records ask for reports on the same, or similar, traits, though 
with many variations, so that further illustrations are un- 
necessary. Some of the civil service ratings include a sys- 
tem of demerits, regulated by a fixed schedule, for tardiness, 
absence without leave, and other offences. 

At Grand Rapids the efficiency record is called a “service 
analysis: an aid to perfection, which serves also as a record 
of efficiency.” The form provides space for comment under 
the following general heads, under most of which are men- 
tioned various items on which analysis should be made: 
health (physical defects to be specified) ; personal qualifica- 
tions for work (thirty-two items, among which are alertness 
of mind, evenness of disposition, initiative, intellectual ca- 
pacity, openmindedness toward suggestion or new _ ideas, 
sense of responsibility, and studiousness) ; relations with pub- 
lic and with fellow workers (twelve items) ; attitude toward 
the library and its work (four items) ; ability in the use of 
books and knowledge (five items) ; skill in professional work 
(thirteen items) ; improvement during period of this record; 
specially good points; specially weak points; and remarks. 
This analysis is made by each assistant for herself, to obtain 
her own idea of herself, and also by her superiors, and is 
followed by a discussion with the librarian on the basis of 
the two ratings. “The main purpose of these analyses is to 
encourage a better self-understanding and to stimulate a 
greater effort to overcome shortcomings.” 

Most of the efficiency or service records are rated by 
general comment on each point or by grading as “good,” 
“fair,” etc., but a few libraries use a percentage rating. In 
East Orange, Jersey City, and Paterson, and other New Jer- 
sey cities which operate under the state civil service commis- 
sion, the commission’s regulations provide that all employes 


124 Pustic LIBRARIES 


shall be marked on a scale of 100: quantity of work per- 
formed to count 20; quality of work performed, 30; aptitude 
and capacity of initiative, 5; punctuality and attendance, 15; 
and character and habits, as affecting efficiency or trust- 
worthiness, 30. In New York, Circulation Department, the 
rating is made in three sections, one covering quality of work, 
one quantity, and one personality; for a passing mark, 25 
per cent. must be obtained in each of these sections, each of 
which counts 33 1/3 per tent. of the entire rating. In Somer- 
ville the total number of possible points on the “personal ex- 
perience rating’ is 1,000. Physical condition counts 100 
points, or 10 per cent.; manual and clerical skill, 60 points, or 
6 per cent.; mental attributes, 200 points, or 20 per cent. ; 
social characteristics (including cheerfulness and good 
nature, tact, discreetness, and good will, or freedom from 
jealousy, arrogance, suspiciousness, etc.), 210 points, or 21 
per cent.; esthetic standards (including neatness in person 
and work, taste in dress, reading, recreation, etc., and 
language), 60 points, or 6 per cent.; professional and altru- 
istic standards, 370 points, or 37 per cent. To aid in analysis 
each group, as in Grand Rapids, is divided into from three 
to ten items, each of which counts a proportionate part of 
the total number of points for that group. 

Intelligence tests—Only a very few libraries report 
having made use of intelligence tests, either in examining 
new applicants or as a test of fitness for promotion. Brook- 
lyn uses the Otis Group Intelligence Scale test for applicants 
for Grade I on the staff. The tests are found helpful in 
evaluating other reports and records of the applicant, and 
later service usually confirms the results of the tests. At 
Long Beach the Army Alpha test has been used twice by the 
civil service commission as a basis for appointment; later 
service confirmed to a large extent the results of the tests in 
regard to the qualities to which they applied,—accuracy, 


THe STAFF iS 


speed, and clear thinking. Portland, Ore., has used an in- 
telligence test in its training class. Tests have also been 
used experimentally, on one occasion, in Bridgeport and in 
Worcester, with results of uncertain significance. 


IV. DUTIES AND QUALIFICATIONS 


In libraries which have no graded service there is seldom, 
apparently, any definite outline of the duties required in the 
various positions or of the qualifications requisite for appoint- 
ment or promotion. Many of the “schemes of service,” too, 
are far from explicit, and co-ordination of the various 
schemes which have been adopted is practically impossible 
because of the variations in terminology, in grouping of 
positions, in requirements, and in degree of detail. In 
general, the grades of service most commonly recognized are 
librarian, assistant librarian, department head, branch libra- 
rian, senior assistant, and junior assistant. The duties of any 
grade in one library, however, may differ very considerably 
from the duties of a grade which is known by the same name 
in another; hence, although the relative degrees of ability 
and responsibility called for in these various grades probably 
correspond fairly closely in libraries of similar nature and 
size, no comparisons can be made with certainty. In some 
libraries, too, the classification is more distinctive, and there- 
fore still less adapted to comparison. 

Librarian.—Few libraries, apart from those which are 
operated under civil service or under certification require- 
ments, report any definite regulations which ensure the ap- 
pointment of a trained and qualified person as librarian, and 
reliance is generally placed on public opinion and on the 
character of the board. Specific requirements reported by 
individual libraries are as follows: 


Detroit: Education equivalent to that represented by graduation 


126 PuBiLic LIBRARIES 


from a university of recognized standing and from an accredited 
library school; ten years of successful experience in library admin- 
istration; thorough familiarity with modern library practice as ap- 
plied to large municipalities; administrative and organizing ability; 
good address and superior judgment. 

Kalamazoo: College, library school, and experience. 

Long Beach: The city charter provides that the librarian must 
be a library school graduate, or must hold a library school certificate, 
_ or must be recommended by the board of library examiners estab- 
lished under the county library law. 

Sacramento: The city charter provides that all library employes 
except apprentices must have had previous experience in library 
work or must pass an examination appropriate to the position it is 
designed to fill. Certificates from approved library schools, or li- 
brary certificates issued by authority of the state or of other states, 
may be accepted in lieu of such experience or examination. 

Washington: College education or the equivalent; library school 
training; extended experience in responsible library work and au- 
thoritative scholarship in a specialized field of library service. 


Assistant librarian——-The qualifications reported for 
this position are as follows: 


Berkeley: College and library school. 

Fort Worth: College graduation, or the equivalent in service in a 
first-class library. 

Kalamazoo: College, library school, and experience. 

St. Paul: For all positions from principal assistant to assistant 
librarian, inclusive, the absolute requirement comprises graduation 
from a university or college of recognized standing, or its equiva- 
lent in study; also one year’s course in a library school or its 
equivalent in experience. The amount of experience varies, being 
five years of experience in professional grades for chiefs of divisions 
and seven years for assistant librarian. 

Washington: College or equivalent; library school; five years’ ex- 
perience. 


In most libraries the positions of librarian and assistant 
librarian are not included in the graded service. Below those 
positions the ramifications become more numerous and more 


THE STAFF ty 


extensive. The following summaries give the requirements 
specified for different positions in libraries where the classi- 
fication seems to indicate some degree of uniformity. 


Department heads.—Qualifications reported for the 
position of department head, and closely corresponding posi- 
tions, are as follows: 


Bridgeport: A college degree. (In rare instances a person of 
long successful experience in a corresponding department of library 
work, who has not had college training, may be appointed.) At 
least a one-year course in an approved library school; no equivalent. 
Successful library experience of at least five years. Proven initiative, 
executive ability, and ability to manage a staff. 

Detroit: College graduation, two years’ specialized library train- 
ing, at least five years’ experience, and special knowledge of service 
in the department. 

East Orange: High school and library school training or equiva- 
lent, and at least two years’ experience in a responsible position in a 
library of recognized standing. 

Indianapolis: Training equivalent to that represented by four 
years of credits from an educational institution of recognized 
standing; special library training in a recognized library school, or 
extensive library experience; advanced research work and specializa- 
tion in a particular field; critical knowledge of bibliographical 
sources of information. 

Minneapolis: (Heads of departments and Heads of large 
branches.) College degree, or at least two years of college work 
or the equivalent; library school training, or specialized training 
and knowledge which is essential for specialized departments; li- 
brary experience, at least one year of which has been in the Min- 
neapolis Public Library. Executive and disciplinary ability, ini- 
tiative, and co-operation. 

Washington: College or equivalent; graduation from library 
school; five years’ experience. 


Division chiefs (or heads of minor departments).— 
A distinction is made between departments and divisions, 
or between large and small departments, in the following li- 
braries, among others: 


128 Puspiic LIBRARIES 


Detroit: Education equivalent to that represented by two years of 
attendance at a university of recognized standing; graduation from 
an approved library school; three years of successful library ex- 
perience; and special knowledge of service in the division. 

Indianapolis (minor departments): Three years’ credits from an 
educational institution of recognized standing; training in a recog- 
nized library school or extensive library experience. 

Washington: College or equivalent; library school; four years’ 
experience. 


Branch librarian.—Requirements for the position of 
branch librarian are reported as follows: 


Detroit: Two years of college experience; one year of library 
school; two years’ experience in duties of first assistant in branch 
library administration. 

Indianapolis: Preferably not less than two years of approved col- 
lege credits or equivalent, and not less than one year of approved 
library school training; special executive ability; thorough knowl- 
edge of library technique. 

Minneapolis (large branches): At least two years of college 
work (degree preferred) or equivalent; library school training or 
specialized training and knowledge which is essential for specialized 
work; library experience, at least one year of which has been in 
the Minneapolis Public Library. Executive and disciplinary ability, 
initiative, and co-operation. 

Tacoma: High school, library school, and some experience in a 
library system of recognized standing. College education highly 
desirable. 


Senior assistant.—In eighteen libraries which report 


definite qualifications required for appointment as senior as- 
sistant, the minimum requirements are as follows: 


Education: 
Four years of college or equivalent in.............. 2 
One-year of collecesitites... sea ieee ee eee 2 
Fultthigheschoolecoursesin @. aeceae eee 14 
Technical Training: 
Bibraryi school cina.cahes ioe wie ee ee ee Z 
Library school or equivalent in experience in....... 8 
Training class plus approved experience in......... 4 


Training ‘class ‘alonervin’:. <4. : «ccema ane eae 4 


THE STAFF 129 


Junior assistant.—The grade of junior assistant usual- 
ly represents the lowest positions on the staff of professional 
assistants, exclusive of apprentices, part-time workers, and 
clerical assistants. Information concerning eligibility re- 
quirements has been contributed, in general, only from libra- 
ries which have a graded service. Hence data concerning 
minimum requirements governing admission to the staff in 
the lowest grades can be given only for those libraries, al- 
though most libraries, probably, have fairly definite minima 
below which candidates are ordinarily not accepted. 

Reports from twenty-one libraries concerning requirements 
for the grade of junior assistant are as follows. 


Education : 
Motrayecats -O1ecOMepen inne cited cn moter ahs os 1 
OWOry Care OL LCOllere AIt erin the cc bland neste wun ene ota 1 
HUMMING A SCHOO MCOULSO TIT Te hina enraetate tre vista de ids 19 
Technical Training: 
LAD AT VESCHOO Siti Ets eee so ert eas eae tte et oesit. et 2 
Drain PeOlea DLE IGEsCOLLSE iMac bus heen ae ate eT 19 


Classification of service, Chicago Public Library.— 
Because of the difficulty of co-ordinating all the different 
schemes of classification, the schedules of the Chicago Public 
Library and of the New York Public Library, Circula- 
tion Department, are here cited in detail as illustrative, 
rather than typical, of the more comprehensive and explicit 
schemes of service which outline both duties and qualifica- 
tions and prescribe the salaries within definite limits. 

In Chicago the graded schedules for the professional staff 
are as follows: 

GRADE I (Pages) 


Duties: Under immediate supervision to perform the simplest 
routine work, such as shelving books and periodicals. All part- 
time positions. 

Qualifications: Grade school graduation, no training, no ex- 
perience. 


Salaries: $600-$780. 


130 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


GRADE II (Junior Library Assistant) 

Duties: Under immediate supervision to perform simple routine 
requiring limited training or experience with some skill and 
accuracy. : 

Qualifications: Four years of high school, limited training or 
limited experience. 


Salaries: $900-$1,020. 
GRADE III (Senior Library Assistant) 


Duties: Requiring training, experience, and ability; may or may 
not be supervisory and involve a higher degree of responsibility 
than Grade II positions. 

Qualifications: Four years of high school, one year training class 
or three years’ experience. 


Salaries: $1,080-$1,440. 
GRADE IV. 


(Principal Library Assistant, Principal Reference Librarian, 
Branch Librarian Grade IV.) 

Duties: Supervisory, involving accountability for work of others. 
Also positions which require the exercise of independent judgment 
in the performance of specialized or expert duties, but not neces- 
sarily supervisory. 

Qualifications: Four years of high school; one year training 
class; three years’ experience in Grade III or six years’ experience 
in Grades II and III. College work can be substituted for ex- 
perience, one year of college equivalent to one year of experience. 


Salaries: $1,500-$1,740. 


GRADE V. 


(Head Library Assistant, Head Reference Librarian, Head Cata- 
loger, Branch Librarian Grade V, High School Librarian, Head 
Children’s Librarian.) 

Duties: Supervisory, including accountability for work of others 
in a larger branch or section than in Grade IV positions. Also posi- 
tions the duties of which require a higher order of specialized 
knowledge than in Grade IV positions, but not necessarily super- 
visory. 

Qualifications: Four years of college or equivalent; library school 
training or equivalent; and two years’ experience in supervisory 


THE STAFF 131 


work in Grade IV or specialized type of position in Grade IV. Six 
years’ experience in Grade IV may be substituted for the four years 
of college. 

Salaries: $1,800-$2,100. 


GRADE VI. 


(Division Chiefs, Branch Librarians, Grade VI, Chief As- 
sistants.) 

Duties: Administration, requiring special qualifications and ex- 
pert knowledge and involving responsibility for work of an entire 
bureau, division, or large branch. 

Qualifications: Four years of college or equivalent; library school 
training or equivalent; and four years’ experience in supervisory 
work in Grade V or specialized type of position in Grade V. Eight 
years’ experience in Grade V may be substituted for the four years 
of college. 

Salaries: $2,100-$4,500. 

The clerical service, which includes Junior Library Clerks (mes- 
sengers and stock assistants), Senior Library Clerks (typists, copy- 
ists, and filing clerks) and Principal Library Clerks (stenographers, 
financial clerks, and record clerks) is graded separately. 


Classification of service, New York Public Library.— 
In New York (Circulation Department) the “library or 
technical service” has the following grades: 


GRADE 1. 


TITLES OF PosITIONS—. 

Junior Library Assistant; Junior Assistant Cataloger. 
DutTIES— 

Junior Library Assistant: 

To perform under supervision prescribed details of routine library 
work. 

Junior Assistant Cataloger: 

To perform under supervision prescribed details of cataloging 
routine. 
QUALIFICATIONS— 

Junior Library Assistant; Junior Assistant Cataloger: 

1. A certificate of graduation from a high school of recognized 


132 Pusric LIBRARIES 


standing, or evidence of other education recognized by the examin- 
ing board as the equivalent. 

2. Evidence of the completion of a satisfactory course of training 
in library work not less than four months in length, or six months 
of experience in library work recognized by the examining board as 
the equivalent of this training. 

3. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 


SALARIES : $1,200-$1,440. 
GRADE 2. 


TITLes OF PosITIONS— 

Library Assistant, Assistant Cataloger, Assistant Children’s 
Librarian. 

Dutirs— 

Library Assistant: 

To perform under the supervision of the Assistant Branch Libra- 
rian, or Branch Librarian, the more impor‘ant routine work in 
branch libraries, and to supervise and be responsible for small 
branch libraries in the absence of the Branch Librarian, or to be in 
entire charge of the smallest and least important branch units. 
Assistant Cataloger: 

To perform important routine cataloging. Require knowledge of 
at least one foreign language. May involve supervision. 

Assistant Children’s Librarian: : 

Performed under the general supervision of a Supervisor of Work 
with Children. To assist the Children’s Librarian in a large 
children’s room or to be responsible to a Branch Librarian for the 
entire charge of a small children’s room. 

QUALIFICATIONS— 

Library Assistant; Assistant Cataloger: 

1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Junior Library As- 
sistant in Grade 1. 

2. If appointed by promotion, not less than one year of appropriate 
experience in Grade 1. 

3. A certificate of graduation from a library school approved 
by the examining board. 

4. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the examin- 
ing board. 

The minimum qualifications shall consist of 1, 2 and 4, or 3 and 4. 


THE STAFF 55 


Assistant Children’s Librarian: 

1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Grade 1. 

2. Evidence of completion of a satisfactory course of training in 
library work with children, not less than one year in length, or one 
year of experience in library work with children recognized by the 
examining board as the equivalent. 

3. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 


SALARIES : $1,500-$1,740. 


GRADE 3. 
TITLES oF PosiTIONS— 

Branch Librarian (Minor Branch); Assistant Branch Librarian; 
Cataloger; Children’s Librarian; Assistant Branch Reference Libra- 
rian; Assistant Branch Foreign Librarian. 

DuTIES— 

Branch Librarian (Minor Branch) : 

Require administrative ability and specialized knowledge. To di- 
rect and be responsible for a minor branch library. 

Assistant Branch Librarian : 

Require administrative ability and specialized knowledge. To act 
as assistant to the librarian of a major branch library. 

Cataloger: 

Involve supervision of Assistant Catalogers and Junior Assistant 
Catalogers and require a wide knowledge of library technique, of 
various systems of library classification and indexing and of at 
least two foreign languages. To perform the most difficult and re- 
sponsible specialized cataloging work. 

Children’s Librarian: 

Performed under the general direction of a Supervisor of Work 
with Children. To be responsible to the Branch Librarian for li- 
brary work with children in a large branch library. 

Assistant Branch Reference Librarian: 

To perform research work, to select and arrange material for 
reference other than books, to give expert service to readers, to 
prepare book lists and to perform other reference work in branch 
libraries. 

Assistant Branch Foreign Librarian: 

Require an intimate knowledge of at least one foreign language 
and its literature. To select books in the required language and to 
take entire charge of the collection, to read books on approval for 


134 Pustic LIBRARIES 


purchase, to be in touch with foreign language readers, and with the 
community life of people of foreign nationality, to form clubs and 
hold meetings, and to perform other foreign work in branches. 
QUALIFICATIONS— 

Branch Librarian (Minor Branch); Assistant Branch Librarian; 
Assistant Branch Reference Librarian; Cataloger: 

1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Grade 2. 

2. If appointed by promotion, not less than two years of appro- 
priate experience in Grade 2. 

3. A certificate of graduation from an approved library school, 
and not less than two years of experience in library work in a 
library of recognized standing. 

4. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 

The minimum qualifications shall consist of 1, 2 and 4, or 3 and 4. 

Children’s Librarian: 

1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Grade 2. 

2. If appointed by promotion, not less than two years of appro- 
priate experience in Grade 2. 

3. A certificate granted on the completion of a standard course of 
instruction in library work with children in a recognized library 
school, and not less than two years of library work with children 
in a library of recognized standing. 

4. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 

The minimum qualifications shall consist of 1, 2 and 4, or 3 and 4. 

Assistant Branch Foreign Librarian: 

1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Grade 2. 

2. Native knowledge of at least one foreign language and 
literature. 

3. If appointed by promotion not less than two years of appro- 
priate experience in Grade 2. 

4. A certificate of graduation from an approved library school, 
and not less than two years of experience in library work in a library 
of recognized standing. 

5. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 

The minimum qualifications shall consist of 1, 2, 3 and 5, or 2, 
4 and 5. 

SALARIES: $1,800-$2,040. 


THE STAFF 135 


GRADE 4. 

TITLES OF PosITIONS— 

Branch Librarian; Assistant Supervisor of Work with Children. 
DuTIES— 

Branch Librarian: 

Require a high degree of administrative ability and specialized 
knowledge. To direct and be responsible for a major branch library. 

Assistant Supervisor of Work with Children: 

To assist the Supervisor of Work with Children in the entire 
administration of library work with children. 
QUALIFICATIONS— 


1. The minimum qualifications prescribed for Grade 3. 


2. If appointed by promotion, not less than two years of appro- 
priate experience in Grade 3. 

3. A degree granted on the completion of a standard course of 
instruction in a college or university of recognized standing and a 
certificate of graduation from an approved library school and not 
less than four years of appropriate experience in library work in a 
library of recognized standing. 


4. Such additional qualifications as may be required by the ex- 
amining board. 


The minimum qualifications shall consist of 1, 2 and 4, or 3 and 4. 
SALARIES : $2,100-$2,700. 


The clerical service is graded separately under the classes Junior 
Clerk, Assistant Clerk, and Clerk. 


Statistics of education and training..—The following 
statistics are based on reports received from 673 libraries, 
giving the educational qualifications and the extent of pro- 
fessional training of the staff as it was composed at the time 
when the questionnaire was answered. Both the number of 
full-time and the number of part-time employes are included 
in these tables. It would probably be fair to assume that a 
majority of the part-time employes have had less education 
and training than those who are working full time, but there 
are no data on which to base statistics on this point. The 
percentages in the following tables are therefore computed 
on the number of full-time employes alone. Two-year libra- 


136 Pusriic LIBRARIES 


ry school graduates are not included among the one-year 
graduates. 


LIBRARIES OF MORE THAN 100,000 voLUMEsS 
Number Per Cent. 


Librarieésvrepresented Ron Gece te aw eres 47 
Tullstimexemployesany a. te meee eee oe ee: 4,590 
Part-time cinployesywesiee ee ee ae 930 
Caollevereradialesanann wee: 2 eaten cys ace a ett tele 1,095 23.85 
Two-year, library-school oraduates) 2... om ase 193 4.20 
One-year library school graduates............ 812 17.69 
Lrainine class, (at. least. 6) montns ene es ee 1,043 Zede 
essathan: Oumonthsa trainine mes ena ee 2,542 55.38 


Lrprariecs OF 50,000-100,000 voLUMEs 
Number Per Cent. 


Dibrariesatepresentedaney ss ei eed en ee 57 
Ball-timezemployes Gun: ae fey ee meen Teas 779 
Part-time employese.ee te ee a eee. 211 
Colleges cradtiates ssa pie sure Tee et me ete 172 22.07 
Two-year library school graduates ........... 32 4.10 
One-year glibrary school «eraduatesa-e ee ee 165 21.18 
‘Lraiting class (atileast Oimonths)' aus ae 135 1732 
LessahanmO:months trainings, eee eee 447 57.38 


Lrpraries OF 20,000-50,000 voLUMEsS 
Number Per Cent. 


Librariesarepresentedn. .2 2 eee oe 133 
Holl-timesemployeseacrene. ce emt ee eee 71, 
Rart-timevemiployesiiits so. es eee eee 214 
Collesesotaduatessarcts cee ter ee 165 21.97 
Two-year library school graduates............ 29 3.86 
One-year library “school graduates; 39.020 165 21.97 
Training class. (at least.6 months)?.c....2.--. 98 13.04 
Pesce thair Or) monthsiattaltiue ee teres 459 61.09 


LIBRARIES OF LESS THAN 20,000 VOLUMES 
Number Per Cent. 


Tebrariessrepresentedae oe tne nen ee er tee 440 
Bollctime pemplovesue nat. ae cue, Cena 828 
Part-time) employes ti hited. see as eee 401 
Colleveroradiiates maw ict. uke ae ee ee 150 18.11 
Two-year library school graduates............ 22 2.65 
One-year library school graduates............ 94 11.35 
Trainineclass Gat-least?@ months...) ca.e7a. bee 74 8.93 


Less; thatisosmontuse training ae eee 638 77.05 


THE STAFF 137 
V. SALARIES 


In the following tables are shown the highest, the lowest, 
and the average salaries reported for various positions on the 
staff in the libraries of each class: Class A (more than 
100,000 volumes), Class B (50,000-100,000 volumes) and 
Class C (20,000-50,000 volumes). For Class D (less than 
20,000 volumes) see below. 

The positions represented are Librarian (Ln.), Assistaut 
librarian (Ass’t. Ln.), Heads of departments or divisions 
(Dep’t. Hd.), Branch librarians (Br. Ln.), and general as- 
sistants (Ass’t.), including both “senior” and “junior” as- 
sistants. 

For positions where a minimum and a maximum salary are 
commonly reported, the lowest, highest, and average salaries 
are given for both the minimum and the maximum. An 
asterisk in the tables signifies that minima and maxima sal- 
aries were not reported, and that the figures quoted are the 
lowest, highest, and average for the whole class. 


Class A. Ln. Asst sc lDeot. br. Linn nss 
| eae EG: 
No. of libraries reporting... 50 28 41 36 48 
Lowest beginning salary... *$2,400 *$1,650 $ 960 $ 720 $ 500 
Highest beginning salary... 2.700 * 2,000) 9115500 
Average beginning salary.. 1:/34491:525 925 
Lowest maximum salary... 1,430 ~—‘1,080 900 


Highest maximum salary... *10,000 *4,800 5,500 3,300 2,520 
Average maximum salary.. * 5,003 *2,757 2,611 1,829 1,484 


Eight libraries other than the 36 cited above, report only one 
salary for branch librarian, varying from $720 to $1,800. 


Class B. in Assteerlepta Brolin Ass t- 
lie Hd. 
No. of libraries reporting... 45 as Bl 17 41 
Lowest beginning salary... *$1,560 *$1,200 $1,060 $ 780 $ 600 
Highest beginning salary... 1760-15300" *15200 
Average beginning salary.. 393 vol 2/4 820 


Lowest maximum salary... 1,200 840 720 
Piehesremaximuty salaty..... 4.200) "2,290 2 2.200; 2,200" 1,680 
AVeTacerinaximium -Sdlarye. e707 tL 0/e “1b O92 1 OAG- 7 1275 


138 Pustic LIBRARIES 


Nine libraries other than the 17 cited above report only one salary 
for branch librarian, varying from $600 to $1,800. 


Glass! CG: Ln. Ass'ti4 Depts (Bri bniaass.] 
Ur, Hd. 
No. of libraries reporting.. 111 82 22 9 68 
Lowest beginning salary... *$ 700 *$ 360 $ 720 $ 420 $ 300 
Highest beginning salary... 1,420 2,000 1,200 
Average beginning salary.. 1,263 1,140 749 
Lowest maximum salary... 840 720 480 


Highest maximum salary... *3,200 *1,880 2,340 2,200 1,900 
Average-maximum salary. « *1,951 §*1;290 1,542- 1,500)iaiG 


Thirty-three libraries report only one salary for department heads, 
varying from $550 to $2,200. Fifteen report only one salary for 
branch librarian, varying from $600 to $2,040. 


For the libraries of less than 20,000 volumes it is difficult 
to present accurate minima, maxima, or averages, because of 
the less definite salary schedules and especially because of the 
many variations in the number of hours daily (or weekly) 
that the libraries are open to the public. The smallest salary 
reported in this class for the position of librarian is $120 a 
year, for a library which is open four hours a day on two 
days each week. The highest salary reported is $2,460, in a 
library which is open twelve hours daily and has three peo- 
ple on its staff. Among all the libraries reporting which are 
open seven hours or more every day the average salary for 
the librarian is $1,415; the average of all which are open less 
than seven hours daily is $965. In 172 libraries of Class D 
the salaries of assistants vary from $240 to $1500. 


VI. WORKING CONDITIONS 


Hours of work.—Among 54 libraries of more than 
100,000 volumes (Class A), the average number of hours 
called for by the working schedule is 41.7 a week. One li- 
brary requires only 38% hours; four require as many as 45. 
The schedules of 34 libraries require either 41 or 42 hours. 


Tue STAFF 139 


Six of the libraries have somewhat shorter schedules in 
summer. 

Among 57 libraries of from 50,000 to 100,000 volumes 
(Class B), the average is 40.7 hours. Three libraries require 
only 38 hours; two require 45 hours. Either 41 or 42 hours 
are required in 28 libraries. Eight have slightly shorter 
schedules in summer. 

Among 149 libraries of from 20,000 to 50,000 volumes 
(Class C), the average is 41% hours. The lowest is 23 
hours, reported by one library, and the highest is 72, reported 
by one. 

It is difficult to obtain an average for the libraries of less 
than 20,000 volumes (Class D), because of the many varia- 
tions in the number of hours that these libraries are open to 
the public. Among 272 libraries which are apparently open 
not less than seven hours a day, the average schedule is 44.6 
hours. 

In libraries of all four groups the time allowed for lunch 
or for supper varies from half an hour to one hour and a 
half, or, in a few of the small libraries, to two or even two 
and a half hours. One hour is the time allowed in approxi- 
mately half of all the libraries reporting. 

A free half day each week is allowed in 42 libraries among 
55 in Class A; in 40 among 57 in Class B; in 74 among 149 
reporting in Class C; and in 87 among 115 reporting in 
Class D. A few libraries allow a free half day less frequently 
than once a week: New Bedford and Salt Lake City, for in- 
stance, every two weeks, and Nashville every three weeks. 
A free half day is given each week during the summer 
months in Knoxville; also in Washington, where a short 
day (an hour and a half less than the full day) is given once 
a week in winter. Chicago gives a half day once a week 
from May to September, and twice a month from October to 
April. A whole day is given once a week in Dayton, New 


140 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Rochelle, and New York, Circulation Department. In East 
Orange the schedules require 40 hours of work each week. 
The staff have the option of working five eight-hour days, 
or five shorter days with a half day added; the preference is 
invariably an eight-hour day with a full day away. Pomona 
gives a whole day every two weeks, and, like East Orange, 
reports a unanimous preference for a whole day, rather than 
a more frequent half-day. Similar variations are reported by 
many of the smaller libraries. 

The maximum number of evenings on which some or all 
assistants are required to work is reported as follows: 


Number of Evenings 


ie 
Number ofgibraries  ClassuAcey i eer te 2irt3as2cuaee 
INumbervotulibrariess:( lassi 2 om eee 4V 022 7 ee 
Numbermiorlibratiess: Glasser. 3 sane oe oe 2 40° 51°22 7 Sees 


In the small libraries systematic rotation of work is re- 
ported by very few. Among the libraries of more than 
100,000 volumes, nearly all report some rotation, and many 
report a definite maximum time limit without change of work, 
especially at the loan desk. The maximum varies from one 
to four hours; in most cases it is between two and three 
hours. 

Sunday and holiday work.—Among 56 libraries in 
Class A, 29 give extra pay for work on Sundays and holi- 
days; 16 allow time to be taken off during the week; others 
arrange as part of the regular schedule. Boston, Rochester, 
and the Forbes Library in Northampton have special staffs 
for Sunday and holiday service. Los Angeles gives extra 
pay for Sundays and holidays; Salt Lake City gives extra 
pay for holidays and time off for Sundays. Gary allows 
“time and a half” to be taken off during the week, and Des 
Moines allows double time to be added to the summer vaca- 
tion period. 


THE STAFF 141 


In Class B, practice is about evenly divided between giv- 
ing extra pay and allowing time off during the week. A few 
libraries have special assistants for Sunday and_ holiday 
work. In Salem, Mass., the work is done by high school pupils 
who have had experience in the library as pages; the read- 
ing room only is open. St. Joseph requires Sunday and holi- 
day work as extra service, without remuneration, in which 
all the staff take turns. Among the smaller libraries the same 
variations are reported, but more than half of those reporting 
include the necessary Sunday and holiday service as part of 
the regular staff schedules. 

In most of the large libraries where extra pay is given for 
Sunday and holiday work, the amount of compensation for 
each assistant is determined by the amount of her regular 
salary. In New York, Reference Department, the rate is a 
little higher, and in Chicago a little lower, than the regular 
rate of pay; at the John Crerar Library, in Detroit Public 
Library, and in Newton, Mass. (for Sundays only), it is one 
and a half times the regular rate. Seattle pays 1/240th of the 
annual salary, not to exceed ten dollars. In Portland heads 
of departments are given time off instead of extra pay, and 
others are paid 1/240th of their annual salary. Grand 
Rapids pays 1/600th of the annual salary for four hours’ 
work. In other libraries there is a fixed rate for all, which 
varies from 37% cents to 50 cents an hour. 

In all of the smaller libraries reporting, the pay is the same 
for all Sunday and holiday workers, and varies from 12% 
cents an hour, at Joplin, Mo., to 87% cents an hour at Mont- 
clair. Ni}: 

Over-time work and lost time.—Few libraries report 
any definite regulations governing compensation for over- 
time work. Boston and the Newberry Library give extra 
pay ; Cincinnati, the Grosvenor Library, Jersey City, and San 
Francisco either give extra pay or allow an equal amount of 


142 PusiLic LIBRARIES 


time to be taken off. In Chicago the lower grades of the 
service receive extra pay and the higher grades are given time 
off. 

Few libraries which allow “time off” in compensation for 
over-time work report a definite rule governing the amount 
of accumulated time which may be credited. Indianap- 
olis allows a maximum of 42 hours a year, Minneapolis 
21 hours, and New York, Circulation Department, not more 
than 8 hours without special permission. In St. Paul over- 
time credits cannot be carried over from one calendar year to 
the next. Others report that over-time is not allowed to ac- 
cumulate, but must be cancelled at the convenience of the 
library, or within a definite period. In Cleveland adjust- 
ments are made every six months. 

Few libraries report definite regulations in regard to mak- 
ing up lost time. In Boston it is charged against the salary 
or deducted from the annual vacation. Oakland requires all 
lost time to be made up within the same week, and San Diego 
within the same month. 

Nearly all the libraries in Class A, but only a few of the 
smaller libraries, require staff members to record each day’s 
time of arrival, departure, etc., either on individual record 
cards or on time sheets. A time-record clock is used in 
the central library in Bridgeport, Chicago, Cincinnati, and 
Louisville. 

Several libraries have definite penalties for. tardiness. In 
Memphis and in St. Louis over-time is required equal to 
twice the time lost; in Nashville five “demerits” cause a free 
half day to be forfeited; in Boston excessive tardiness is 
charged against either the salary or the vacation; in Jersey 
City one day’s pay is forfeited for tardiness five times in one 
month. 

Vacations.—In a large majority of all the libraries re- 
porting, vacations of equal length are given all members of 


THe STAFF 143 


the professional staff, including the librarian. In some, 
however, administrative heads and perhaps senior assistants 
are given a longer vacation than those in subordinate posi- 
tions, and in another minority group the length of vacation 
is regulated by the length of service. 

Among the larger libraries where the people of higher 
rank receive longer vacations than other members of the 
staff are the following: 

Birmingham: Director, vice-director, and department 
heads receive one month; branch librarians and first assist- 
ants, three weeks ; junior assistants, two weeks. 

Bridgeport: Calendar month for heads and first assist- 
ants ; general assistants, three weeks ; apprentices, two weeks. 

Knoxville: Department heads, three weeks; others, two 
weeks. 

Newberry Library: Department heads, one month; senior 
and junior assistants, three weeks. 

Among the libraries which regulate the length of vacation 
by the length of service are the following: 

Evanston: Two weeks to one month, according to length 
of service and type of work. 

Indianapolis: Four weeks for those who have been on the 
staff five years or longer; three weeks for those who have 
served less than five years. 

Nashville: One week after one year’s service; two weeks 
after two years; three weeks from the third to the tenth year ; 
and one month after ten years’ service. 

Toledo: Twelve working days after one year’s service; 18 
working days after two years; 24 working days after three 
years. 

Worcester: Two weeks after one year; three weeks after 
two years; four weeks after five years. 

Among the majority of libraries, where vacations of equal 


144 Pustic LIBRARIES 


length are given to all the professional staff, the period 
varies from two weeks to one month in the larger libraries, 
and from one week to a month in the smaller. In 27 libra- 
ries among 40 in Class A, and in 44 among 60 in Class B, 
three weeks or more are given; sometimes 21, 28, or 30 
calendar days; sometimes a calendar month; and sometimes 
24 or 26 working days. Among the smaller libraries vaca- 
tions are usually somewhat shorter; in Class C 47 libraries 
among 120, and in Class D only 150 among 770, give three 
weeks or more; only 30 in Class C and 123 in Class D give 
as much as four weeks or a month; the average in each class 
is a little over two weeks. 

In many libraries a vacation is granted only after a definite 
term of service. Thus Louisville, Oakland, Riverside, Sacra- 
mento, San Diego, San Francisco, and Worcester, require a 
full year’s service; Des Moines requires eight months; Los 
Angeles, Memphis, St. Paul, and others, six months; and 
several require three months. Many others pro rate the 
vacation for service of less than a year. Denver allows one 
day for each month of service prior to May; Cincinnati, two 
days for each month prior to June 30; Indianapolis, two days 
for each month prior to July 1; the John Crerar Library, 
two and one-sixth days for each month prior to July 1. 
Memphis gives one week for more than six months but less 
than a year. In New Haven vacations for people who have 
come into the service of the library after January 1 of any 
year are especially arranged for by the board of directors. 

A few libraries state that they have not set any definite 
dates to limit the period within which vacations must be 
taken, but ordinarily more or less definite limits are set, most 
frequently June 1 and September 30. Somerville gives three 
weeks vacation during the summer and one week during the 
winter. “The plan seems to work rather well,” it is re- 


THE STAFF 145 


ported. “The break of one week in a season that is busy 
and, in this climate, somewhat trying, appears to be bene- 
ficial. The plan is generally liked by the staff.” 

Several libraries have definite regulations under which an 
extra vacation is given after a stated long term of service. 
Brooklyn grants one extra month on completion of fifteen 
years of service, and at the completion of each ten years of 
service thereafter ; at Dayton, three months’ vacation, includ- 
ing the regular annual vacation of one month, is given after 
ten years’ service and every five years thereafter; New York, 
in both the reference and the circulating department, allows 
an extra month in the twenty-fifth year of service; St. Louis 
gives an annual vacation of six weeks after twenty years. 
At Pratt Institute Free Library a vacation of six months, 
with double pay, has been given to eight members of the li- 
brary staff after twenty-five years of consecutive service. 

Library conferences.—Time for attendance at library 
association meetings is granted with pay, whenever practi- 
cable, by practically all of the libraries of more than 20,000 
volumes; a very few report that time is usually given only 
to the librarian, or to official representatives of the library 
or members who are to appear on the program of the meet- 
ing. Many of the larger libraries report that time is occa- 
sionally granted for attendance at other conferences if they 
are of an educational nature closely related to library work 
and interests. Among the smaller libraries less than half 
report that leave of absence is ordinarily granted for attend- 
ance at library meetings. 

Approximately two-thirds of the libraries of more than 
20,000 volumes make some allowance to cover expenses 1n 
attending library meetings, but only about one-third report 
that a specific amount for this purpose is provided regularly 
in the budget. Among the smaller libraries, approximately 
one-fourth report that some provision is made for this pur- 


146 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


pose. Several of the large libraries pay the expenses of the 
librarian and of one or more members of the staff to national 
meetings, and many report that several of the staff are sent 
to regional or state meetings. 

In Dayton the scheme of classification of the library 
service makes provision for a “library education fund” to be 
used in part for the purpose of defraying travel expenses of 
members of the board and library staff for attendance at the 
annual state and national library meetings, and in part for 
public lectures. 

Sick leave.—Only a very few of the large libraries re- 
port that sick leave is not granted. San Francisco grants none 
with pay; Santa Barbara requires the time lost to be made 
up; Detroit allows assistants of less than five years’ service 
six weeks, with half pay, and those of more than five years’ 
service three months, with half pay. In Boston, illness is 
charged to the vacation, although the trustees may grant an 
allowance of time with either full pay or half pay. In Class 
C (20,000-50,000 volumes) approximately 12 per cent. 
grant no time with pay. In Class D (less than 20,000 
volumes) only about one-fourth of the whole number report 
that sick leave with pay is allowed. 

Among the larger libraries a definite amount of time is al- 
lowed annually in approximately two-thirds of those which 
allow sick leave at all. The amount of time varies from ten 
or twelve days to thirty days or one month. Several grant a 
fixed number of hours: Jacksonville, Fla., 88 hours; Joliet, 
Ill., 98 hours, which, if not used, is added to the vacation; 
and New York, Circulation Department, 80 hours auto- 
matically, and up to 160 hours, at the discretion of the chief 
of the circulation department, if a physician’s, certificate is 
presented. Among other variations are the following: New- 
ton, Mass., grants six days, plus one day for each year in 
the service of the library; New Bedford allows two weeks 


Tue STAFF 147 


with full pay and one week with half pay; Worcester, two 
weeks on full pay and two with half pay for a single illness, 
the total.in one year not to exceed three weeks with full 
pay and three weeks with half pay; Jersey City, three weeks 
the first two years, six weeks from the third to the fifth year, 
ten weeks from the sixth to the tenth year, fifteen weeks 
from the eleventh to the fifteenth year, eighteen weeks from 
the sixteenth to the twentieth year, and twenty-four weeks 
after twenty years of service. 

In many of the larger libraries (Class A and B) and in 
approximately 60 per cent. of the smaller, the amount of 
sick leave that may be granted is left to the discretion of the 
librarian or to decision by the board in individual cases. In 
Oakland the librarian is authorized to grant twelve days; for 
longer absence the board may grant thirty days, plus thirty 
days with half pay for each five years of service. 

Rochester, N. Y., and Toledo, are the only libraries which 
report that cumulations of sick leave allowance are permitted 
fompbe; Catticd overs irom) one.) year: «to. another, 7in 
Rochester, by a ruling of the library board, “regular 
employes may be allowed a sick leave of twelve days during 
the year without a salary deduction. Employes who do not 
use such allowance shall receive credit for the days not so 
used. This credit may be carried forward from year to year 
to be used as a reserve only in case of long illness. Any ill- 
ness not over two months long, including an accumulation of 
sick leave credit, may be dealt with by the librarian at his 
discretion. Any illness longer than two months shall be 
reported to the administration committee, which shall take 
such action, pending the next meeting of the board of trus- 
tees, as shall seem equitable to the committee.” Toledo al- 
lows a maximum cumulation of seventy-two days, plus twelve 
days for the current year. 

Only a few libraries report definite rules governing allow- 


148 Pusric Liprartrés 


ance of time because of exposure to contagion. In New 
York, Circulation Department, such leave must be taken out 
of the sick leave allowance. Louisville allows fourteen days, 
in addition to the fourteen days allowed as sick leave. The 
allowance of time because of illness or death in the family of 
an assistant is also, in most libraries, a matter for determina- 
tion in each individual case if the absence is of more than 
a few days’ duration. 

Several libraries, including Brooklyn, Cincinnati, the John 
Crerar Library, Newton, Mass., Queens Borough, N. Y., 
Oakland, and Sacramento, require a doctor’s certificate in 
cases of illness. In St. Louis all applications must be made 
in writing, certified by the library’s own medical officer. 
Several others require them in certain cases: Bridgeport for 
illness of more than three days; Jersey City for more than 
five days; New York, Circulation Department, for more than 
eighty hours. 

Physical examinations.—A physician’s certificate is re- 
quired of applicants for positions in only a few libraries other 
than those where such certificate is required by civil service 
regulations. Among these are Queens Borough, N. Y., 
Seattle, and Syracuse, and, when it seems desirable, Louis- 
ville and New York, Circulation Department. In New York 
and Syracuse the physician is selected and paid by the library. 
St. Louis has a medical officer, employed by the library, who 
makes examinations at the time of employment and annually 
thereafter. In Detroit a physical examination, at the library’s 
expense, is required if there is any reason to believe that un- 
satisfactory work is due to physical condition. 


VII. STAFF PRIVILEGES AND WELFARE 


Staff reading.—Detroit Public Library allows $250 a 
year in its budget, for a collection of books for staff reading. 
When the books are no longer read by the staff they are put 


THE STAFF 149 


into stock, for future use at branches. Several other large 
libraries have collections for staff use, consisting of the im- 
portant new books, both fiction and non-fiction. Among 
these are Bridgeport, where from fifteen to twenty titles a 
month, selected by a committee of the staff, are bought for 
the staff collection, and Indianapolis, Portland, Ore., and 
Somerville. 

Several others report that new books are held in the office 
or in the catalog room for several days or a week, or some- 
times longer, for inspection and reading by the staff. Some 
permit books to be taken from the catalog room, for short 
periods, while they are awaiting cataloging. Many large li- 
braries, and some of the smaller, subscribe for staff copies 
of certain periodicals, mainly professional or literary, for 
circulation among the staff members in turn. 

Many libraries have more or less definite rules governing 
the borrowing of new and popular books, from the general 
collection, by members of the staff. Wilmington, Del., re- 
quires that a new book must be issued five times to the pub- 
lic before it may be borrowed, except over-night or Sunday, 
by the staff; Seattle requires three times ; Tacoma and Wash- 
ington, for new fiction, three times; Berkeley and Portland, 
Ore., once. In New Haven new books may not be borrowed 
by the staff until they have been in the library six months; 
in Louisville, new fiction may not be borrowed for two 
months, or new non-fiction for one month; in Kansas City, 
Pittsburgh, and Toledo, all new books must have been in the 
library one month. 

Similar restrictions are made by many libraries on borrow- 
ing current magazines. In some libraries the staff may not 
borrow the current numbers; in others, they may borrow 
them only over-night; several require a definite number of 
issues to the public. 

In most of the libraries reporting, the staff are allowed the 


150 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


same privileges as the public in borrowing older books. A 
few, however, including Atlanta, Evansville, Indianapolis, 
and Riverside, have no definite time limit on staff loans, ex- 
cept that the books are subject to recall if needed; several 
others permit a slightly longer time than the public are al- 
lowed without renewal, varying from several days longer, as 
at Bangor and Nashville, to two weeks longer (a period of 
four weeks instead of two), as at New Haven and 
Washington. 

Study courses.—Several of the large libraries conduct, 
more or less formally, courses of reading or study, either for 
the staff in general or for junior members of the staff as 
a supplement to the training class instruction. 

At Brooklyn three courses are given: an elementary 
course, an advanced course, and a course for children’s li- 
brarians. The elementary course prepares first grade as- 
sistants for the second grade, and the advanced course pre- 
pares for the third grade. Certain work in some subjects is 
common to all courses, constituting a basic course which, 
when once taken by an assistant, may be omitted when tak- 
ing the next course. 

In Chicago study groups for staff members are conducted 
in some of the branches, some meeting weekly and some 
monthly. 

Dayton has a staff organization called “The Friends of 
Reading,” which holds two meetings a month. A morning 
meeting is held in library time, for discussion of current 
books, and an open meeting is held in the evening, when the 
staff invites outside friends and presents a course of lectures 
by speakers representing Dayton interests. The lecture 
courses thus far given have included courses on the modern 
novel, modern European history, American literature since 
1870, recent European diplomacy, and psychology. Since 
the inauguration of these lectures in 1924, the courses have 


THE STAFF tol 


had an enrolment of 45 staff members and 62 people from 
outside. 

At Evansville a different course of study is followed by 
the staff each year. Among the recent courses have been 
foreign relations and other phases of sociology, reference 


work, work with children, and story-telling. 

Indianapolis has an advanced course in work with children, 
divided into three parts, of eight lectures each, covering juve- 
nile literature, administration of children’s rooms, and story- 
telling. The lecture and problem method is used. The 
course is open to staff members who have had some previous 
training. Credit for the course is given on the efficiency 
ratings. 

Arrangements have been made by the New York Public 
Library, with the College of the City of New York, for 
special courses in literature and other subjects to be given in 
the library for the staff. Regular meetings of junior as- 
sistants are held in New York, for study purposes. 

In Pittsburgh, graduates of the library school, for five 
months after appointment, continue a course of study in 
literature, with assigned readings, discussions, and reports 
on books. 

Toledo has recently instituted two courses for the staff, 
an “interim” and an advanced course, both of which have 
thus far discussed mainly the great classics of literature. 
Work in the interim course has been confined principally to 
reviewing specific books; in the advanced course, which is 
open only to those who are library school graduates or have 
been on the staff five years or longer, broader topics have 
been taken up: for instance, Balzac, his life and works; 
Shelley and his biographies. Book discussions and adminis- 
trative talks are also given by the librarian and department 
heads. Each class meets once a month, for two hours. 


P52 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Toledo also conducts an advanced course in work with 
children whenever it seems needed. 

At Washington special courses in reference work and work 
with children are given, open to the assistants in those de- 
partments, and a course in biography is open to all members 
of the staff. 

Many of the large libraries, and several of the smaller, 
report that time is granted whenever possible for assistants 
to attend lectures or to take courses of study outside of the 
library. At Grand Rapids assistants will be allowed four 
hours a week in which to take college courses at either of 
the two colleges in the city. Los Angeles allows time for 
attending six lectures a year at the library school. 

In many libraries college graduation or a certain number of 
college credits is recognized in the eligibility requirements for 
promotion to advanced grades. College study is also some- 
times recognized by more or less definite provisions for a 
higher beginning salary on appointment than is given to ap- 
pointees who have not had college work. Among libraries 
which make such provisions definitely in their salary sched- 
ules are the following: 

In Buffalo Public Library those who join the staff without 
having had training, through library school or experience, 
agree to enter the library school of the University of Buffalo 
and must therefore be prepared to meet the entrance re- 
quirements of the university. Assistants in training are 
granted time for the university lectures, and have their work 
so arranged that they receive the practice which the course 
demands in different departments of library work. The 
salaries paid during the first year in the library school are 
$10 per month higher for those who have had two years’ 
academic or normal school work than for those who have had 
only the high school course; for those who have had four 


THe STAFF 153 


years’ college work the salaries during the first year of train- 
ing are $15 per month more than for those who have had 
only two years of academic work. 

In Grand Rapids the minimum beginning salary for the 
lower grade of junior assistants is $720 a year for high school 
graduates, to which $120 a year is added for each year of 
college work. 

In St. Louis $60 per year for each year of college training 
is added to the beginning salary for assistants in the lowest 
division of the graded service. College graduates do not in- 
crease above the maximum for the grade, but it takes longer 
for a library school graduate with a mere high school educa- 
tion to attain the maximum than it takes for one who is a 
college graduate. 

In Worcester the salary for senior assistants who are col- 
lege graduates is $100 per year more than for those who are 
not. 

A few libraries report that assistants have occasionally 
been given leave of absence, sometimes with pay, to take 
certain study or do special work which would increase their 
value to the library. In Los Angeles, heads of departments 
have sometimes been granted leave, with pay, in order to per- 
mit them to study work similar to their own in Eastern libra- 
ries. Savannah, on several occasions, has given leave with 
pay, for periods varying from two weeks to two months, for 
an assistant to get increased experience by working in an- 
other library, or to take a special short course at a library 
school. Chattanooga and Knoxville have sent negro assist- 
ants to take library training, and several report that time has 
sometimes been given for summer courses. 

Experiments in temporary exchange of assistants with 
other libraries are reported by a few. Denver sometimes 
takes assistants from other libraries for temporary positions 


154 Pusiic Lrprarits 


during leaves of absence, and sometimes grants leave to staff 
members for temporary work elsewhere. Los Angeles re- 
ports having tried an exchange, with poor results. New 
York, Circulation Department, Portland, Ore., St. Louis, 
and Seattle, report having made exchanges with other libra- 
ries with good results, though St. Louis says that it is diffi- 
cult to arrange for. In St. Louis each library paid its own 
assistant ; in the others, each library paid the salary of the as- 
sistant who came to it. Traveling expenses in all cases were 
paid by the assistant. 

Staff meetings.—Although most of the larger libraries 
( Classes A and B) report that meetings of the entire staff 
are sometimes held, only about one-third of the entire num- 
ber report that they are held frequently or at regular times. 
Some state that such meetings are never held, or that at the 
most there may be one or two meetings a year, either as 
special occasion may arise or for social purposes, for as 
many as can attend. Others report that meetings are held 
perhaps three or four times a year, but at irregular times. In 
Class C approximately one-third report that meetings are 
held, in most cases either weekly or monthly. Practically 
none of the smaller libraries (Class D) report that staff 
meetings are held. Among the libraries which hold more 
frequent meetings at stated times, except in summer, are 
Cincinnati, Des Moines, and San Diego, with weekly meet- 
ings; Evansville, Gary, Rochester, Sacramento, and Salt 
Lake City, meeting twice a month; and Berkeley, Birming- 
ham, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Louisville, Minneapolis, 
Seattle, Tacoma and Worcester, meeting once a month. 

Most of the meetings that are held regularly follow a more 
or less definite program, which is sometimes confined mainly 
to business matters, but usually includes discussions of new 
books, professional periodical literature or topics of profes- 


THE STAFF . 155 


sional interest, and library policies and problems somewhat 
beyond matters of ordinary routine business. The follow- 
ing reports are cited as illustrative: 

Cincinnati: Weekly meetings for book reviews, monthly 
meetings for general staff matters. 

Des Moines: Weekly meetings, with discussion of library 
news and local conditions, news of the day, and book re- 
ports ; designed to keep up the morale of the staff. 

Indianapolis: Monthly meetings are held, divided into 
three twenty-minute periods: one period for the presenta- 
tion and discussion of new ideas and activities in library 
work, in Indianapolis and elsewhere, each department head 
being responsible once a year for one or more reports from 
her department; one period for general discussion of inter- 
esting books, both old and new, on specific subjects ; and one 
period given to a special speaker on the general subject 
covered by the book discussion of the meeting. Among the 
subjects of talks that have been given are the playground 
movement; present day literary England; publicity for the 
library, presented by a practical publicity man; book pub- 
licity ; modern poetry; and city planning. The programs are 
planned by a staff committee, with the librarian’s approval. 
The final meeting of the season is a staff breakfast, in May. 

Minneapolis: General meetings consist of book reviews, 
conference on important topics, occasional speakers on social 
or educational topics, and departmental résumés, the object 
being to keep the whole staff enlightened regarding all that is 
being done throughout the library. 

Rochester: For the last two years the object has been to 
acquaint the staff with the city; bi-weekly meetings have been 
held at such places as the Bausch & Lomb Optical works and 
the New York Central Railroad, and have included talks and 
inspection trips. 

San Diego: Entire staff meets one hour weekly, for three 


156 Pusiic LIBRARIES 


months, for department outlines, and one-half hour weekly, 
for three months, for reviews of books and periodical articles, 
and has twelve talks a year by interesting people outside the 
library. 

Seattle: Monthly meetings, with outside speakers on lit- 
erary subjects or topics of current interest; lectures arranged 
by a staff committee appointed by the librarian. 

Worcester: Monthly meetings are designed to promote 
better knowledge of library affairs; book reports always 
have -a prominent place in the meetings. 

Meetings of department heads, of branch librarians, and 
of children’s librarians, in separate groups, are held in many 
of the large libraries, either weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly. 
Such meetings are often concerned principally with adminis- 
trative matters, but often include discussions concerning 
books and the principles of book selection, and sometimes 
constitute, virtually, a book selection committee. In some of 
the large libraries meetings of other groups are held, regu- 
larly or occasionally, in lieu of meetings of the entire staff, 
which are virtually impossible in the very large library. Thus, 
in Brooklyn, assistants of the first grade, and assistants of the 
second and third grades, hold monthly meetings; in New 
York, Circulation Department, assistants in charge of school 
work meet once a month, assistants in charge of story-hour 
and club work meet three times a year, and other special 
groups occasionally. 


PART II 


Administrative Work of College and University 
Libraries 





CHAPTER [| 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION: 
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 


I. BOARD AND COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION 


The administrative organization of college and university 
libraries shows greater variations than are found among 
public libraries. Ultimate responsibility for the adminis- 
tration of a public library is ordinarily vested by law in a 
board of trustees, appointed or elected in a manner pre- 
scribed by law. This board appoints a librarian as the execu- 
tive head of the library, and generally holds him responsible 
for its administration under the supervision and general di- 
rection of the board and of such committees as it may ap- 
point. In the college or university the library is merely one 
department of the whole institution. Ultimate responsibility 
for the administration of the college or university as a whole 
is vested in a board of trustees, regents, or overseers, a cor- 
poration, or other governing body. Immediate responsibility 
for the library may be retained in some measure by the 
governing board, or may be delegated by it to the president, 
or may rest largely with a library committee, appointed by 
the board itself or by the faculty. Committees, furthermore, 
may be either active or inactive, and actual administrative 
practice may be guided by definite written laws less than by 
unwritten law and custom. Hence the administrative or- 
ganization of any one library alone can not be easily or com- 
pletely described in a few words, and the organization of col- 
lege and university libraries in general does not lend itself 
readily to classification and concise analysis. 


159 


160 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Library committees.—In more than 80 per cent. of the 
libraries reporting, some degree of supervisory or advisory 
control is delegated to a committee. This is most frequently 
composed of members of the faculty, but occasionally is a 
committee of the governing board. In a few colleges, as at 
Brown, Bryn Mawr, and Radcliffe, trustees and faculty 
members unite on the same committee; in others there are 
two committees, one directly representing the governing 
board and one representing the faculty. The following 
figures show the number of libraries, among those reporting, 
in which each form of organization is found, and the num- 
ber which report that they have no committees. 


Class A (more than 100,000 volumes) 


Gommalttee oreracuity stascs sek eects fee en er cL eee ZZ 
Committeerot- faculty and etrustees., ... ee: oe a ee 5 
Kaculty, committeesand \Lrustees’ committee... 3. ner ee 6 
INO COMMIUULCO eta ictaeisecte cote otace au Dnt os aaute eae he ee 3 
34 

Class B (50,000 to 100,000 volumes) 
Gommiittee ormiactltyy aka rae eke a oe irs te er e 26 
Committee of staculty-and. trustees. &: e+, ce eee 1 
Faculty committee and Trustees’ committee.....-.2. eee 2 
NOvCOMmmitteeres oe cots hee ceo ae ae tee tae alte an oer en fi 
36 

Class C (20,000 to 50,000 volumes) 
Gommiuttee: of ttactiltyse: seen ees ae ee ee 44 
Gommittéevofitaculty. andstrustees ae eee 1 
Faculty committee and Trustees’ committee.............. 3 
No committeemere yc. ars shen ak: ee io ne, ke een ee 8 
56 

Class D (less than 20,000 volumes) 
Committéesoh tactity: we oo. cee ee ee 67 
Committee ofsfaculty ands trustees: a eke =) 
Faculty committee and Trustees’ committee...........-4. = 
Noweominittee sir Gee as ate ot et lee re PA| 
96 


The purposes and the activities of library committees dif- 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 161 


fer rather widely. The committee may have, at least nomi- 
nally, rather close supervision and authority over the admin- 
istration of the library, though the reports indicate that very 
few committees concern themselves with administrative de- 
tails except when called upon by the librarian for advice or 
for approval of his recommendations. It may have only a 
general supervision of the library, giving consideration only 
to the larger questions of policy, and for such purposes it 
may meet infrequently, perhaps only once or twice a year. 
Again, it may be a purely advisory committee, consulting 
with the librarian (who is generally a member ex officio and 
usually acts as its secretary or perhaps as chairman) either 
on his request or on special occasions. 

In most of the libraries reporting, the committee acts very 
largely, if not entirely, in an advisory capacity in most mat- 
ters of administration. The librarian’s responsibility, pri- 
marily, is to the president and the board of trustees (or other 
governing board), and on ordinary matters of administration 
he often submits his recommendations to the president or to 
the trustees, rather than to the committee. The matters in 
which committees most commonly take an active interest and 
exercise their prerogatives are the preparation of the library’s 
budget and the expenditure of the book funds. Beyond this, 
two frequent functions of committees are to act as a “buffer,” 
and, as one librarian writes, “as an interpreter of the library 
and its policy to the faculty, and an interpreter of faculty 
opinion to the librarian.” 

Where there is no library committee to represent officially 
either the trustees or the faculty, the president of the college 
sometimes acts in place of a committee in matters pertaining 
to the library budget, the apportionment and expenditure of 
funds, or general policies of administration, or such mat- 
ters may be referred to the governing board as a whole. 

Obviously, the border lines between the various forms and 


162 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


degrees of committee activity are indistinct, and permit no 
very definite classification. The essentials of various forms 
of organization and activity are illustrated by the following 
reports from libraries of more than 100,000 volumes. 

Libraries having one committee.—Amherst has a com- 
mittee of six, including the president, the treasurer, and 
the librarian, ex officus, and three professors who are ap- 
pointed by the faculty committee on committees. One place 
on the committee is filled each year. The committee has 
general supervision of the library and determines its general 
policy, though the librarian is ordinarily left entirely free to 
exercise his own judgment. 

At Brown the corporation delegates the control and cus- 
tody of the library to a library committee, composed of four 
members of the corporation, four faculty members, one mem- 
ber from the alumni, and the president and the librarian 
ex officus. The members are appointed for three years, by 
the corporation, to which nominations for the four faculty 
representatives are submitted by the faculty. The com- 
mittee’s specified powers are: to make rules for the admin- 
istration of the library; to nominate the librarian and the as- 
sistant librarian for appointment by the corporation; to pro- 
vide for the purchase of books, etc.; to decide on acceptance 
of gifts; to assign rooms in the library building for indi- 
vidual or departmental use; and to inspect the main library 
and the departmental libraries once a year. “Under the 
supervision of the library committee, the librarian shall have 
immediate care and custody of the library, and it shall be his 
duty to superintend its entire administration.” Recommenda- 
tions for staff appointments, promotions, etc., are made by 
the librarian for the approval of the committee. 

At Bryn Mawr a library committee, composed of three 
trustees, three faculty members, the president, and the li- 
brarian, meets twice a year to decide on the apportionment 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 163 


of funds. The librarian is responsible to the president, and 
not to the committee, and recommendations concerning staff 
appointments and other matters are made to the president. 

The University of Chicago has a library board of twenty- 
nine faculty members, of which the president or the vice- 
president usually acts as chairman. The members are ap- 
pointed by the president for indefinite terms. This board 
considers policies and important questions, and makes recom- 
mendations to the trustees for their approval. Minor ques- 
tions of staff appointments, etc., are decided by the librarian, 
and important questions are submitted to the president and 
the trustees. 

Dartmouth has a committee of six faculty members, ap- 
pointed annually by the faculty, with the librarian a member 
ex officio. This committee represents the faculty in the dis- 
tribution of funds among the departments, and acts in an 
advisory capacity in regard to the use of the general fund 
and in administrative matters. The committee reports once 
a year to the faculty. The librarian takes most of the initia- 
tive and has most of the responsibility, but finds the com- 
mittee invaluable for suggestions and advice. 

At the University of Iowa the university senate has numer- 
ous boards and committees, including a committee on the 
library. This is composed of nine members, appointed by 
the president, who has always named the director of libraries 
on the board and has sometimes designated him as its chair- 
man. The board is advisory only, and meets quarterly or 
on call of the chairman. The director of libraries is respon- 
sible directly to the president on all matters, including the 
library budget. 

Minnesota has a committee of nine members of the uni- 
versity senate, appointed annually by the president. This 
committee considers questions of policy and general admin- 
istration in so far as they affect the university community 


164 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


rather than the library, and approves periodical subscrip- 
tions and cancellations. The librarian and the committee 
jointly apportion the library budget. The committee is ad- 
visory, rather than executive, and makes recommendations to 
the president, the board of regents, the university senate, or 
the librarian, as circumstances dictate. The librarian is re- 
sponsible to the regents, through the president, for all mat- 
ters relating to the administration of the library. In mat- 
ters of staff appointments, etc., his recommendations are 
made to the president. 

Northwestern has a committee of seven faculty members, 
appointed by the president for one year, with the librarian a 
member ex officio. The committee acts only in an advisory 
capacity. 

At the University of Pennsylvania there is no longer a 
committee of the faculty, but a library committee of trustees 
is appointed annually by the provost. This committee has 
not been active recently. The librarian reports to the 
provost. 

Washington University has a committee of four faculty 
members, appointed by the chancellor for one year, with the 
librarian as chairman. The committee is advisory only, and 
acts especially in regard to budgetary matters. 

The University of Washington has a committee of nine 
members, appointed by the president for indefinite terms, 
representing both the undergraduate departments and the 
graduate school. It includes the librarian, who is ex officio 
chairman, the associate librarian, who is secretary, the dean 
of the graduate school, and six other members of the uni- 
versity faculty. This committee determines the expenditure 
of funds allotted for book purchases. On other matters 
the librarian submits his recommendations to the president. 

Yale has a purely advisory committee of eleven members. 
The president, the provost, and the librarian are members 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 165 


ex offictis; six are members of the faculty chosen for limited 
terms by the corporation on nomination of the committee; 
one is the curator of a special collection; and one is the as- 
sistant librarian. The librarian is ex officio chairman of the 
committee. The assistant librarian is its secretary. 
Libraries having two committees.—California has a 
standing committee on library, research, and publications, 
appointed by the regents each year from their own body, and 
a library committee of six faculty members and the librarian, 
appointed by the academic senate. The regents’ committee 
has permitted most of its duties in connection with the li- 
brary to devolve upon the library committee, but during a 
recent period of activity, lasting about a year, the chairman 
of the library committee and the librarian were invited to 
meet with the committee on library, research, and publica- 
tions, for presentation and discussion of library problems. 
Good results were obtained from these joint sessions. In 
general, the library committee confines its activity to alloca- 
tion of the book funds and to passing, through sub-com- 
mittees, on recommendations for purchases from certain 
special funds. It also considers questions of general policy, 
but does not interfere with administrative matters. 
Michigan has a library committee of regents, which has 
general supervision of all the libraries of the university, 
wherever situated, and, with the librarian, makes rules for 
their administration. Each faculty of the university has a 
committee of from six to nine members, elected usually for 
three years, and these committees serve as an advisory body 
on library policies and book purchases. There is seldom any 
direct relation between these faculty committees and the com- 
mittee of regents. The librarian administers the library 
subject to the directions of the president and the library com- 
mittee of the regents. He consults also with the library com- 


166 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


mittees of the several faculties, which have plenary power 
over the expenditure of their respective book funds. 

At the University of Oregon the board of regents has ap- 
pointed, as an administrative library committee, the president 
of the university, the president of the board of regents, and 
the librarian, for the determination of library policies. The 
president of the university appoints each year a faculty 
committee of about eight, which is purely advisory. The 
librarian confers with this committee regarding recommenda- 
tions to be made to the president and the board of regents. 

Princeton has a committee of five members of the board 
of trustees, and a committee of eight faculty members, ap- 
pointed each year by the president. This committee advises 
the librarian regarding the apportionment of the book funds, 
and considers questions of general policy relating to the 
library. 

Vassar has a consulting library committee of the board of 
trustees, appointed by the president of the board, which 
meets once a year. The librarian and the reference librarian 
are conference members of this committee. There is also a 
committee of the faculty. This is composed of three mem- 
bers, elected by the faculty for terms of three years, one mem- 
ber retiring each year, and the dean, who is designated by 
the president to act as chairman. This committee confers 
with the library committee of the trustees at least once a 
year “for the consideration of proper matters.” 

At Wellesley there is a library council, composed of three 
trustee members appointed by the trustees, and five faculty 
members elected by the academic council. The three trustee 
members at present are the president of the college, ex officio, 
the treasurer of the college, and one other. Control of the 
library is delegated by the library council to the faculty repre- 
sentatives, as a more active committee. The librarian is 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 167 


chairman and secretary of this committee, which acts mainly 
in an advisory capacity. 

Practice in smaller libraries——Replies from smaller 
universities and colleges show that in essentials the fore- 
going reports are fairly illustrative of conditions and meth- 
ods among the smaller institutions as among the larger. The 
following reports are typical of the majority. 

“Thus far the committee has interested itself chiefly in the 
apportionment of the library’s budget.” ‘The committee 
is purely advisory, and the librarian’s powers are unrestricted 
except by the president of the college.” “The librarian con- 
sults the committee about the budget, etc., but is in no way 
responsible to the committee.” “The committee meets at 
the call of the librarian and advises him on any questions of 
policy which he may care to bring up. The committee de- 
termines the amount of money to be allotted to each depart- 
ment for books.” ‘The committee’s duties are of a general 
nature: to take an interest in the library and see that it serves 
the needs of the college; to advise the librarian; to consider 
any matters presented. The librarian is directly responsible 
to the president and the faculty.” ‘The committee has ad- 
visory powers only, and meets only to consider debatable 
questions.” 

Somewhat closer supervision of the details of administra- 
tion is reported by a few libraries, as is illustrated by the fol- 
lowing reports. “The committee considers all matters per- 
taining directly to the library, its books, periodicals, etc., and 
reports to the faculty.’ “The committee supervises the 
library, helps to make the policies, and apportions funds 
among the departments. The librarian is the executive, and 
carries out instructions of the committee.” ‘The chairman 
of the committee authorizes all purchases of books or maga- 
zines, after recommendation by the librarian or by faculty 
members, and advises on questions of library policy, dis~ 


168 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


cipline, repairs, etc.” “The committee approves the book 
lists submitted by the faculty through the librarian, and ap- 
proves rules and other matters presented by the librarian or 
by any of its members.” 


II. DEPARTMENTAL AND SEMINAR LIBRARIES 


“The most perplexing problem in the administration of a 
university library is the scope and function of the depart- 
mental collections, and it is safe to say that a solution satis- 
factory to all concerned is scarcely possible.” ‘The depart- 
mental library situation is one of the most difficult problems 
confronting university libraries, and, while it may never 
be solved in any satisfactory way, it will be necessary to 
give it a certain amount of attention and study.” The 
Surveys correspondence indicates that these statements, 
made by two university librarians, would meet with practi- 
cally unanimous assent among university librarians in 
general, and that there would be especial unanimity in re- 
gard to the difficulties involved in the problem. 

It is difficult to discuss a subject which can not be satis- 
factorily defined. Every attempt to study and discuss this 
all-important subject of departmental libraries is met at the 
outset by the very serious difficulty that few attempts have 
been made to define a “departmental library” or a “seminar 
library”; that no definition, so far as the Survey can learn, 
has ever met with general acceptance; and that consequently 
it is impossible to be sure that all replies to a questionnaire, 
or all contributions to any discussion, are based on the same 
understanding of terms. The only certainty, indeed, which 
the investigator can feel, is a rather positive assurance that 
there is no common understanding. 

In presenting a report of an inquiry concerning “Some ad- 
ministrative practices in university libraries,’ at the mid- 
winter meetings of the American Library Association, Janu- 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 169 


ary 1, 1925, Mr. Frank K. Walter said: ‘“At the outset of 
the examination of these questionnaires, one is confronted 
with that bane of all students of library conditions, the lack 
of adequate standards of professional nomenclature among 
American librarians. Careful distinction between collegiate 
and departmental libraries, for example, can not be drawn 
on the basis of the present return. It is practically certain 
that in some of the institutions the distinction is fairly clear ; 
in others it varies with the local situation; and in still others 
it is chiefly a matter of local terminology and not of organiza- 
tion and function. The same confusion exists in the inter- 
pretation of the phrases ‘general library budget’ and ‘general 
library funds.’ Considerable allowance must therefore be 
made for mis-statements in conclusions and for discrepancies, 
both of which are almost inevitable under the present 
situation.” 

Another librarian writes: “The great difficulty, of course, 
is the fact that people will continually make misleading and 
incorrect inferences from data furnished when there is not 
an agreement on terminology. I am obliged continually to 
meet this sort of thing in relation to my annual budget, and 
I know other university librarians are in a similar case.” 

The Report of the committee appointed in November, 
1914, to investigate the relations of departmental libraries in 
the University of Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 
1917) called attention in the following words to this lack of 
a generally accepted definition of a departmental library. 
“Many of the answers received [in response to the com- 
mittee’s questionnaire| indicated that the term ‘departmental 
libraries’ was by no means given the same interpretation in 
all institutions. In some cases it was made to include large 
professional libraries, such as those of the Law School and 
the Divinity and Medical schools, as well as minor collections 
of fifty to one hundred volumes kept in laboratories or semi- 


170 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


nars. Most of the answers, however, attempted to differ- 
entiate between large and permanent collections installed for 
use of schools, departments, or groups of departments, and 
minor collections of more or less temporary character kept in 
laboratories and seminar rooms.” 

A “departmental library,” as the term is commonly used, 
may be attached to some department of instruction in the 
college or university, or to some school or college of the uni- 
versity. It may be housed in the central library building or 
elsewhere, either on the same campus, or in another part of 
the city, or in another city. Its collection may be solely and 
permanently its own, by right of purchase from its own 
funds or by other means of independent acquisition, and | 
may thus constitute a distinct unit in the university’s system 
of libraries; or may be more or less definitely its own, con- 
structively, by permanent deposit or indefinite transfer 
from the general library’s collection; or may be regarded as 
a temporary loan from the general library, and not as in any 
sense its own collection. It may be entirely under the ad- 
ministration of the general library; or may be to some ex- 
tent under that library’s control or supervision, though partly 
or entirely independent in some respects; or may be entirely 
independent of the general library in administration. 

The Survey can not attempt to devise any procrustean 
classification for the accommodation of all departmental li- 
braries. For the purposes of this report, however, the fol- 
lowing definitions have been adopted. In so far as the 
practice of the libraries cited does not conform with these 
distinctions, the differences will be brought out, so far as 
possible, in the individual reports. 

The term “seminar library” is used, in this report, with 
reference to “minor collections of more or less temporary 
character kept in laboratories and seminar rooms” (adopt- 
ing the language of the University of Chicago report). The 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 171 


books in a seminar library are usually a temporary deposit 
or loan from the general library’s collection, subject to re- 
call or return to the main collection either at any time or at 
the end of a definite period. A seminar library is usually, 
though not always, smaller than a departmental library, but 
differs from the latter particularly in its more temporary 
nature, and in being considered more closely an integral 
part of the main collection. 

The term “separately administered departmental library”’ is 
used with reference to libraries which are administered, en- 
tirely or primarily, independently of the general library. 
These libraries are in most cases the libraries of professional 
schools or colleges, rather than of mere departments of in- 
struction. They are in most cases the property of the school 
or college or department to which they are attached, and 
are not regarded as integral parts of the general library’s col- 
lection, but as distinct units in the university’s system of 
libraries. 

The term “centrally administered departmental library” is 
used with reference to libraries which are primarily, if not 
entirely, under the administration of the general library. 
These are in most cases collections “installed for use of 
schools, departments, or groups of departments,”’ under such 
arrangements that they constitute integral parts of the general 
library’s collections. Their books, whether bought from the 
general library’s funds or from departmental funds, are 
considered the property of the library and not of the several 
departments; the books are usually deposited with the de- 
partments permanently, or at least with the expectation of a 
high degree of permanence. Because this group, however, 
is the most numerous, the variations in practice are most 
numerous, and illustrate many different forms and degrees of 
administrative relationship with the main library. 


L72 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


The following table indicates, as accurately as the informa- 
tion which could be obtained permits, the number of libraries 
of each of these three types in thirty colleges and universities 
of more than 100,000 volumes. Any discrepancies which may 
exist between this classification and the nomenclature pre- 
ferred by the libraries cited, will be cleared up, it is hoped, in 
the fuller citations of individual practice which follow the 
table. 


Departmental Libraries: Seminar 
Sep. Adm. Cent. Adm. Libraries 
Amblerstavtchasaccstess seen. 1 Several 
Browitoas WANG eee ane. aes ee 20 
Biryire Wawra eee wees 5 15 
Catholic University of America 4 5 
SRICAT OLE Aaa ccm eens 15 
COleate gee ue ita a te clen aac oa, 11 
Colorado sUInversity Olen 9 
Dar tmouthgirat Vary a eee 3 10 
ELAM tOtiahs ae aes oes wa hain 1 2 
Indiana seo laperne as erent 1 12 5 
lowa,;RUniversity ol. ose. ane 5 16 
Witchioan hot A ae be ase care 5 13 
VEINTIESOLA Ee ents Sate eee 11 15 
INGSSOUTIE OT ees AS eee elem eae 5 4 
North Garolinasaeiiaae eee 11 4 
Northwestern ww. caries tke 4 8 10 
Notre Damee ti oo ead cen 5 
Opeth cose a nies tag Se Weer eae, 10 15 
Olio VW eslevatie aie as.an cease 10 s 
Oregon, (University of. ye. 2 4 
Rennsylvyaniagoe vidal acs eee as 12 ss 
Princetonia take ocean eee, 5 9 
CRA SMU aay ata ce reine 3 5 5 
WASSAT Jaele Ann Sets. Sate e eee e 12 11 
Washington, University of...... 2 7 
Washington University......... 5 8 
Washington, State College of... Several 8 
Wiellesleya reas. ink tou aa eaenttnd 1 5 
WieSlOVaT@e Atl a een we Several 
BY FIC MR UU cree ieee cars Men Tar Cena conor: 34 


The following individual summaries describe a little more 
fully the departmental library situation in each of the li- 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION AG 


braries cited in the table, although only a few of the prob- 
lems of administration are touched on in each statement. 

Amherst reports no departmental libraries, unless the 
English seminar should be classed as such under the defini- 
tions adopted for this report. The English department re- 
ceived a special fund for the purchase of books for its semi- 
nar. These books are cataloged by the general library, and 
are considered the property of the library, but are assigned 
permanently to the seminar room. With this exception the 
only departmentalization is in seminar collections, to which 
books are charged from the general collection. 

Brown reports twenty departmental libraries, two of which, 
English and History, “might be termed seminar collections, 
but we treat them as departments.” For all of these the 
general library provides the books, does the cataloging, and 
makes a separate catalog of each collection. Each depart- 
ment provides its own room, shelving, and supervision, and 
controls the use and circulation of its books. All books are 
considered a part of the general library’s collection, though 
assigned indefinitely to the departmental collection. 

Bryn Mawr has four departmental libraries and the 
Thorne Model School library, under the general library’s 
administration; fifteen seminar collections; and duplicate 
collections in six dormitories. Books in all these collections 
are considered part of the general library’s collection, but are 
assigned indefinitely to the department or seminar. 

At the University of Chicago there are no permanent 
seminar collections. Departmental libraries, under central 
supervision, include the School of Commerce reading room, 
the graduate social science reading room, and the graduate 
modern language reading room, housed in the central library 
building ; housed elsewhere are twelve departmental or school 
libraries, including the libraries of the School of Education, 
the Law School, Divinity School, Rush Medical College, and 


174 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


several “group” libraries, including the classical group, the 
geology-geography group, and the biology group. There is 
also one small dormitory collection. All departmental li- 
braries are part of the “university libraries.’ Assistants are 
appointed by the director, and are listed as members of the 
“readers’ department” of the general library staff. Books 
are ordered through the general library, except for the Law 
School and the Yerkes Observatory. Cataloging, classify- 
ing, and binding are done by the general library except for 
the Law School, Rush Medical College, and Yerkes Observa- 
tory. All books purchased by the general library for de- 
partments are ordered on departmental recommendations and 
are considered a part of the general library’s collections, but 
are charged to the departments for an indefinite period. 

Colgate reports no departmental libraries. There are 
seven seminar collections, outside of the central library, and 
four smaller seminar collections in the main building, to 
which books are assigned indefinitely from the general 
collection. 

Colorado reports no seminar collections, but has nine de- 
partmental libraries, including the library of the Medical 
School in Denver, all of which are housed in their respective 
school or departmental buildings but are under the general 
library’s administration. Books are ordered and paid for 
by the library out of the departmental allotments of the book 
funds. Four of the libraries have full-time assistants and 
student night assistants; two have part-time assistants di- 
rectly responsible to the general library; and three are with- 
out supervision. 

Dartmouth has three independent departmental or school 
libraries, in the Medical School, the Thayer School of Engi- 
neering, and the Tuck School of Business Administration 
and Finance. “Relations with these libraries are close, and 
if it should become advisable they could probably be brought 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 175 


under central administration.” Most of the business and 
medical books are cataloged, and the medical books are 
ordered, by the central library. There are ten seminar col- 
lections, but no departmental libraries except the three which 
are independent. Books are assigned indefinitely to the 
seminars. “The faculty favors the general principle of con- 
centration, and some of these seminar collections will return 
to the library when the new building is completed.” 

Hamilton College has one departmental library, in the 
geology-biology building, which contains all books and 
periodicals on geology and biology except a few popular 
works. There are two seminar libraries, which likewise con- 
tain all the books on their subjects. All are under the general 
library’s administration. Books are paid for by the library, 
out of departmental allotments from the book funds. 

Indiana has one library (Law) under independent adminis- 
tration, twelve departmental libraries under central adminis- 
tration, and five seminar collections. All books are cataloged 
as part of the general collection, and may be recalled from 
departments or seminars if they are needed elsewhere. 

At Iowa the law library, the libraries of the university’s 
three observational schools conducted by the College of Edu- 
cation, and the collection used in the Character Education 
Research seminar, are at present independent of the general 
library’s administration. In the centrally administered sys- 
tem of university libraries are sixteen departmental libraries, 
under the immediate supervision of a “supervisor of depart- 
mental libraries,’ who is a member of the general library 
staff. Iowa reports its entire library machinery going 
through a period of reorganization and expansion and change, 
with centralization of administration practically completed, 
and, though consolidation is not complete, with centraliza- 
tion of resources under way. 

At Michigan five libraries (Law, Highway, Bureau of 


176 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Municipal Research, Transportation, and the Clements Li- 
brary of American History) are under separate administra- 
tion, in that they “are not under the direction of the uni- 
versity librarian, nor are their budgets included in his general 
budget. That does not mean that they are operated without 
regard to the librarian of the university and the general li- 
brary policy of the university.” (The same explanatory 
comment applies, in varying degrees, to many of the “sep- 
arately administered” libraries of other universities.) Under 
central supervision there are eight departmental libraries, 
located in other buildings; the medical library, housed in the 
central library building; and four graduate reading rooms. 
“These are most decidedly not seminars in the ordinary sense. 
They much more resemble group, or departmental libraries. 
No one of them is confined to a single department of instruc- 
tion, and they are open for long hours, with competent as- 
sistants.”’ Books for the centrally administered departmental 
libraries are ordered and cataloged by the general library, 
and are paid for mainly from book funds included in the 
budget of the general library, only a very slight portion of 
the books which go into them being purchased on depart- 
mental funds. Books are assigned to the departmental 
libraries indefinitely, but are returned to the general library 
when this seems desirable. 

At Minnesota the colleges of Law, Agriculture, and Engi- 
neering, the School of Mines, the School of Chemistry, and 
the University High School, have libraries in their own 
buildings; five departments have reading room and _ stack 
space in the central library. All are under central adminis- 
tration, though the libraries of the Law School, the depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and the University High School are 
autonomous, with budgets of their own included in general 
budgets of their respective colleges. Books are ordered and 
cataloged by the general library, and are considered as part 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION Wed 


of its collections, but are paid for, except as previously noted, 
from departmental allotments from the general library’s 
book funds. There are fifteen seminar collections, to which 
books are assigned indefinitely from the general collection. 
While they remain in the seminars they may not be borrowed, 
except under special conditions and with the consent of the 
instructors conducting the advanced courses in which they 
are used. Most of these seminar collections are grouped in 
four suites of rooms in the main library building. Small 
collections of books for office and laboratory use are de- 
posited in various department offices and libraries. The uni- 
versity code stipulates that “books, periodicals, maps, and 
similar material retained in or lent to colleges or depart- 
ments outside the general library of the university or its 
approved branches shall be confined to such as are in con- 
stant use in the daily work of the college or department. The 
cost of any and all replacements of these books due to loss 
or misuse shall be charged against the general supply funds 
of the college or department to which they are lent or in 
which they are retained.” 

Missouri has five departmental libraries, hemes in other 
buildings, but under the general library’s administration, and 
four seminar collections. 

North Carolina has eleven departmental libraries, which 
have been developed “simply because of lack of room in the 
main library. We shall bring some of them back if we ever 
get a new building capable of extensive expansion.” There 
are four seminar collections, so-called, although “they are 
really sections of the stack, transferred from the stack to the 
rooms on account of the fact that our stack does not begin 
to hold all the books that it should hold. They are seminars 
in the sense that consultations are held in them, and special 
materials from other sections of the library are placed in 
them to further graduate work.’ Seven of the departmental 


178 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


libraries are under supervision of a paid secretary of the 
department; one is cared for by an assistant, one-half of 
whose salary is paid by the library and one-half by the de- 
partment; and three are without paid supervision. 

At Northwestern a distinction must be made between de- 
partmental libraries on the main campus and those on the 
Chicago campus. The departmental libraries of Commerce, 
Dentistry, Law, and Medicine, situated on the Chicago 
campus, are primarily administered independently of the 
general university library. On the Evanston campus, under 
central administration, are eight departmental libraries and 
ten seminar libraries. For these libraries the buying of 
books and the cataloging are done by the general library. 
Only one of the departmental libraries has a trained librarian 
and staff, considered a part of the general library’s staff. 
The other libraries are cared for by assistants or students in 
the several departments, and are open only during the hours 
of instruction. 

At Notre Dame there are five departmental libraries, 
nominally under the administration of the general library. 
One of these has its own staff, and one is partly administered 
by its own staff. All books are purchased and cataloged by 
the central library, except for the law library, which does its 
own cataloging. There are no permanent seminar collec- 
tions, but books are temporarily assigned to seminars when 
needed. 

Ohio Wesleyan has ten departmental libraries, all of which 
are permanent collections. All are cataloged in the main 
library; each department has an author catalog of its own 
collection, and two have full catalogs of their collections. 
All books are purchased through the central library. There 
are no real seminar libraries, but large numbers of books 
are lent indefinitely to three laboratories, where they are 
used under the direction of the department. The university 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 179 


has also a branch library on the campus for women. (See 
page 239.) 

At Oregon the Law School library is nominally under the 
supervision of the general library, but has its own budget 
and is administered by the Law School, though the books are 
ordered and cataloged for the school by the general library. 
The Murray Warner collection of Oriental literature is 
shelved in connection with a museum and is independent of 
the general library, though the library orders and catalogs 
the books and files cards for them in its own general catalog. 
There are three seminar collections, one of which is super- 
vised by the library and two by members of the department. 
The School of Business Administration has a reserve col- 
lection of books, which is administered as a part of the re- 
serve system of the library. 

Pennsylvania has twelve departmental libraries, all of 
which are only nominally under the general library’s juris- 
diction. Three of these buy and catalog their own books; 
for the others, the books are ordered and cataloged by the 
general library. All of the departmental libraries report 
their statistics to the general library, but none of them are 
carried on that library’s budget. There are fifteen seminar 
libraries in the central library building, to which books are 
assigned indefinitely from the general collection. Books 
may be removed from a seminar library room only with the 
permission of the head of the department concerned. 

Princeton has five departmental libraries and nine semi- 
nar libraries. While the location of most of the books in 
these collections is relatively permanent, transfers between 
them and the general collection, to suit the changing needs 
of the departments, are frequent. 

At Texas three libraries (Law, Medicine, and Mines ) are 
reported as under separate administration; five departmental 
and five seminar libraries are under central administration. 


180 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


At Vassar there are twelve departmental libraries, cen- 
trally administered, the books of which are purchased and 
cataloged by the general library but are cared for by the de- 
partments. Inventory of all the collections is taken once a 
year by the general library. There are eleven seminar rooms 
where small advanced classes may meet. Some special sets 
are permanently shelved in the seminar rooms. Books re- 
served for the use of classes which meet in the seminar rooms 
are usually shelved there only temporarily. 

At the University of Washington the Law School and 
the Education School reading room are under separate ad- 
ministration. Under central administration are six “branch 
libraries” and the School of Mines collection. In the Uni- 
versity of Chicago report of 1917, page 11, the librarian of 
the University of Washington was quoted as follows: “We 
are recently encouraging the growth in a few of the chief 
recitation buildings of what we call for lack of a better name 
‘branch libraries.’ They take that form in administration 
and each branch serves all the departments working in the 
building where the branch library is housed. With us that 
is likely to include from two to five departments. In short, 
the branch library is the consolidation of several department 
libraries combined and has this advantage—several depart- 
mental libraries combined in a branch are much more 
economical of administration as one than as many. Some- 
one under direction of the central library is always in charge 
of the branch, whereas we could not have someone in charge 
of each of the several departments.” These attendants are 
not librarians, but stenographers, paid by the departments. 
The university, in the spring of 1926, has under consideration 
the abandonment of this plan of “branch” or “group” libra- 
ries, and the centralizing of the entire book collection. 

At Washington University, college libraries not directly 
under the general library’s supervision are Fine Arts, Law, 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 181 


Dentistry, Medicine, and Botany. The latter is the library 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the home of the Shaw 
Graduate School of Botany of Washington University. 
These libraries have separate appropriations, and order and 
catalog their own books. At present there is no general 
catalog covering the titles in all these libraries. Under cen- 
tral administration are eight departmental libraries, the books 
of which are ordered and cataloged by the general library, 
and are included in its catalog. Responsibility for the care 
of these libraries, except in one case, is in the hands of the 
department concerned. The books are classified by the de- 
partment, and the attendants in charge are on the department 
payroll. One library, that of the School of Commerce and 
Finance, is a reading room, and is treated as an addition to 
the reading room of the general library, of which it is prac- 
tically a part, though in an adjoining building. 

State College of Washington has several departmental 
collections, most notably that of the architectural department 
of the Mechanic Arts College, to which books are charged 
at the main loan desk as “departmental inventory” charges. 
These collections number from 25 up to 2,000 or 3,000 
volumes. The library of the architectural department con- 
tains practically all of the library’s books on architecture, 
and new purchases in this field are cataloged and charged as 
departmental books. There are eight seminar rooms, practi- 
cally all of the material in which consists of department 
periodicals. Books are sometimes assigned to the seminars 
for limited periods. 

Wellesley has one departmental library (in the sciences) 
which is administered primarily by the department, which 
shares with the general library the purchase and the catalog- 
ing of its books. The department has a fund, not under the 
library’s control, with which it purchases certain books, and 
also receives an appropriation from the general library’s 


182 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


book funds. The librarian is appointed by the head of the 
department, usually in consultation with the librarian of the 
college. The department’s books are entered in the general 
library’s catalog. Five other departmental libraries are ad- 
ministered primarily by the general library or under its 
supervision. 

Wesleyan has no permanent departmental libraries. All 
books are purchased by and belong to the main library. For 
convenience, certain files of periodicals and other reference 
books are stored more or less permanently in departmental 
or seminar rooms, but the main library retains ownership, 
and could, if necessary, recall them. 

Yale has thirty-four school, departmental, and seminar 
libraries, only one of which is housed in the general library 
building. By vote of the corporation, the university library 
is defined “as consisting of all the books owned by the uni- 
versity, whether housed in the central library or in other 
university buildings”; the librarian has general supervision 
of all the libraries of the university, and co-operates “with 
the deans (or other administrative officers or committees con- 
cerned) in regard to the various school, departmental, and 
institutional libraries, and their maintenance and care.” 
Hence all the libraries are to this extent under central super- 
vision. Many of the departments, however, have annual ap- 
propriations for their libraries, and their purchases are 
usually under the control of the department or school con- 
cerned, and the university librarian’s relation to these libra- 
ries is mainly advisory. In general, departmental books are 
purchased from departmental funds, but in a few cases books 
from the general library are deposited in departmental 
libraries. 

The foregoing summaries represent only a cross-section 
of a few of the most essential aspects of the departmental 
library problem. Without a much more comprehensive and 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 183 


complete study of the whole subject than has yet been made, 
an adequate presentation of the subject, covering all phases 
of the problem and all methods of handling it in libraries of 
different types, is impossible. The report, previously re- 
ferred to, presented by Mr. Walter in Chicago January 1, 
1925, contained summaries of the answers received from 
twenty-three libraries in reply to seven questions which had 
been sent them relating to departmental libraries. Permis- 
sion has been kindly given by Mr. Walter to make use of the 
information presented by him in that report, which was based 
on answers to the following questions: 

1. Are all your books gathered in a central library or have 
you some departmental libraries ? 

2. Approximately how many volumes are there in your 
central collection? 

3. Please list below the departmental libraries in existence 
at your school, adding very rough general figures indicating 
the approximate size of each. 

4. Are books for departmental libraries bought on the 
general library budget or from departmental funds? 

5. Are departmental libraries administered by full-time 
assistants or by student help? 

6. Are the salaries involved in either case charged to the 
general library budget or to departmental funds? (If fellow- 
ships or scholarships are involved, these should be indicated 
as charges from departmental funds.) 

7. Are books for departmental libraries cataloged in the 
general library or in the department? 

Extent of departmentalization.—The extent to which 
the entire collection is decentralized depends on the number 
of departmental libraries, on the number of volumes con- 
tained in them, and on the proportion of the entire collection 
which this number represents. 


184 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


The replies to the first question showed that all of the 
twenty-three libraries which answered it, have some depart- 
mental libraries. (The Survey's investigation includes re- 
ports from thirty libraries of more than 100,000 volumes, in- 
cluding several libraries smaller than those represented in Mr. 
Walter’s report. As is brought out in the reports on the 
preceding pages, some of these thirty libraries have no de- 
partmental libraries, so called, but all of these have some 
“seminar libraries.” The numbers of departmental and 
seminar libraries mentioned in the following summaries do 
not in every case agree with the numbers given in the preced- 
ing summaries, nor do they necessarily agree with the num- 
bers which the various institutions might report under their 
own or some other definitions. ) 


The replies to questions 2 and 3 are indicated in the follow- 
ing table: 


Central Number of Vols. in 
Collection Dep't. Collections. 

BLOW ee ee et 250,000 76,000 
UNICag Oia tice ne ee 450,000 286,500 
TlinOisse Derr Oe 325,000 248,600 
lowa, University .ot...0.¢ 140,000 95,000 
Iowa State College....... 112,600 37,400 
Wansas veae tt on aoe eae, 140,000 36,500 
MT Gh iain ean eee ee ae 385,000 165,719 
Wintiesota: ois wean, ee 350,000 1,500-45,000 

in each 
WT SSOUTT 82 wage re 120,000 66,200 
PVCU TORR fe. se Ue aes cra 130,000 62,200 
North weacelna... 400. va. 104,500 29,370 
Northwestern: 2.07 .2.0..5. 155,000 85,000 (Chicago 

Dep’ts. only) 

Ohio State University.... 207,287 46,900 
Brinceton een ween ee 545,413 1,000-12,000 

in each 
Rochester, University of.. 90,000 26,000 
Stanford University...... 252,000 124,200 
CL EXAS ree ie ne ceed 230,000 56,000 
Washington University... 110,000 130,000 
Wiscomsittmiee acca aie oe 229,000 99,000 


YY aleqeeyeeace craee oral tir ray 1,358,023 286,493 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 185 


Mr. Walter’s report included the following comment on 
the varying degrees of decentralization indicated in these 
reports: 

“The libraries which seem to show the greatest amount of 
centralization are Rochester, with four departmental libra- 
ries; Princeton, Syracuse, and Texas with five each; and 
California and Kansas with six each. Chicago and Iowa 
with fifteen; Illinois with seventeen; Stanford with eighteen ; 
Brown with twenty-one, and Yale with twenty-nine separate 
collections, seem to show the greatest amount of decentraliza- 
tion. This, however, is much more apparent than real. For 
instance, at Brown the real centralization would seem ex- 
treme to many a university librarian with from six to a dozen 
widely separated, closely related, and almost uncorrelated 
college or departmental libraries. Yale reports many col- 
lections which are no more separate in function and adminis- 
tration than many similar collections which are disregarded 
in other reports. 

“Similarly, the reported size of these separate collections 
must be interpreted in terms of the general inconsistency 
pervading the reports. These collections, as reported, range 
from 150 volumes (the bacteriology collection at Stanford) 
and the nurses’ library of 262 volumes at Yale, to the law 
collections of 63,892 volumes at Michigan and of 68,113 at 
Yale. In general, the largest reported collections are usually 
the law or the medical libraries. The number and size of the 
separate collections, and their relation to the size of the 
general collections, either depend on conditions so special and 
local as not to be apparent in the meagre statistics available, 
or, as is quite conceivable in several cases, there is no really 
significant or purposeful relation.” 

Purchase of books for departmental libraries——The 
subject of departmental appropriations for library purposes, 
and the methods of handling the general library’s book 


186 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


funds, are discussed in Chapter 3, pages 213-30. No uniform 
relationship exists between the methods of appropriating and 
expending the book funds and the problems of the depart- 
mental library. Books purchased from departmental funds 
may be assigned to the general library collections, and books 
purchased from general funds may be assigned to depart- 
mental libraries. The information gathered by the Survey, 
in so far as it throws light on this point, seems to bear out 
the summary printed in the University of Chicago’s report, 
page 28: “The fact that a book 1s purchased on recommenda- 
tion of a department and paid for out of its appropriation 
does not in a majority of libraries decide the location of the 
book. Such books are, when of general interest, usually 
shelved in the general library.” 

The replies to the fourth question (“Are books for depart- 
mental libraries bought on the general library budget or from 
departmental funds?”) were as follows: 

Brown: General library budget, which includes funds for 
special subjects. 

California: Bought from departmental funds. General 
library books, however, may be deposited in departmental 
libraries. 

Chicago: All on general library budget. 

Cornell: Books that are deposited from the general library 
are bought from library funds, general and special. 

Illinois: Both, but chiefly on general. 

Iowa, University of: General library fund. 

Iowa State College: General library budget. 

Kansas: From general library funds. Occasionally 
special books and material considered as equipment, such as 
maps, pictures, and music, are bought from apparatus funds. 

Michigan: In part from funds appropriated to the several 
colleges and in part on funds appropriated to the general 
library. For example, there are separate library funds for 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 187 


each of the following colleges of the university: Law, Medi- 
cine, Engineering, Dentistry, Architecture, Pharmacy, and 
Education. 7 

Minnesota: General library funds, except Agriculture, 
Law, and the University High School, which have their own 
funds from their respective college budgets. 

Missouri: The several schools, like Agriculture, have funds 
for books from the state appropriation. Departments draw 
on general library funds. 

Nebraska: General library budget. 

North Carolina: All books are bought on the general li- 
brary budget. 

Northwestern: Departmental funds, for libraries on Chi- 
cago campus. 

Ohio State University: General library budget. 

Princeton: General funds. 

Rochester: Books for departmental libraries, except Catha- 
rine Strong Hall, the woman’s college, are bought from de- 
partmental funds. 

Stanford: Departments of Law, Medicine, and Psy- 
chology, have special funds. All other departments partici- 
pate in the general book fund. 

Syracuse: Departmental funds. 

Texas: Departmental funds. 

Washington University: General library budget. 

Wisconsin: Books for the agricultural and law libraries 
are bought on the budgets of the College of Agriculture and 
the Law School, respectively. Most of the books for the 
other branch libraries are purchased on the general library 
budget. 

Yale: From departmental funds. 

Departmental library service—(‘“Are departmental 
libraries administered by full-time assistants or by student 
help ?’”’) 


188 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Brown: Some one way, some the other. 

California: Only one department has a full-time libra- 
rian; several make supervision of the library part of the 
duty of a clerical assistant; in a few cases it is her chief 
duty. 

Chicago: Three by student help only; all others by full- 
time assistants with considerable student desk help. 

Cornell: Some by full-time; some by stenographers ; some 
by part-time students. 

Illinois: Some of one and some of the other. 

Iowa, University of: Attendants are at present mainly 
student help, but include also departmental stenographers or 
secretaries, graduate assistants, readers, and, in two or three 
cases, members of the faculty with the rank of assistant pro- 
fessor or above. 

Iowa State College: Full-time assistants. 

Kansas: Both types. 

Michigan: Full-time assistants, with a very small amount 
of student help. 

Minnesota: All but one by full-time assistants. 

Nebraska: Mostly full-time and student help (the latter 
principally in order to keep open longer hours). Some are 
cared for by the departments. 

North Carolina: Seven are cared for by paid secretaries 
of the departments; one by an assistant paid half by the li- 
brary and half by the department; three are without paid 
service. 

Northwestern: Some full-time; some part-time. 

Ohio State University: Both. 

Princeton: Three are in charge of full-time assistants of 
high grade; others are handled by departments. 

Rochester: Full-time assistants. 

Stanford: Medicine has a special staff; law librarian is 
a regular member of the general staff; other collections are 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 189 


small and are cared for by the secretaries of the respective 
departments, a member of the faculty, or an assistant in the 
department. 

Syracuse: Student help. 

Texas: Stenographers, some full-time and some part-time. 
Some special collections, that are equivalent to departmental 
libraries in a way, are under the care of specialists, who are 
on the library payroll. 

Washington University: Two by regular attendants in 
charge; others operated by departments concerned. 

Wisconsin: Three are administered by full-time library 
workers. Full-time assistants are employed in two, and do 
clerical work for the departments in addition to some library 
work. 

Yale: By full-time assistants in eight. The remainder 
are administered by student help or by a member of the de- 
partmental staff. 

Pay for departmental service——(“Are the salaries 
charged to the general library budget or to departmental 
funds ?”’) 

Brown: Departmental funds. 

Chicago: All, including students, are on general library 
budget. 

Cornell: Departmental funds. 

Illinois: Mostly charged to general library budget. 

Iowa, University of: In ten, attendants are on the library 
payroll; in four, salaries are paid by the departments ; in two, 
both contribute. 

Iowa State College: General library budget. 

Kansas: All salaries, whether regular staff or student as- 
sistants, are charged to general library budget. 

Michigan: All salaries except for the law library, are 
charged to the general library budget. 

Minnesota: General library. 


190 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Nebraska: General library. 

North Carolina: See above, preceding paragraph. 

Northwestern: Departmental funds. 

Ohio State University: General library budget. 

Princeton: General funds. 

Rochester: Departmental funds, except for Catharine 
Strong Hall library. 

Stanford: Medicine and law on general library budget; 
others from departmental funds. 

Syracuse: Departmental funds. 

Texas: Departmental funds. 

Washington University: Departmental funds. 

Wisconsin: College or departmental funds. 

Yale: Departmental funds. 

Departmental catalogs.—(‘‘Are books cataloged in the 
general library or in the departments ?’’) 

Brown: Cataloged in general library; cards in both places. 

California: Books in departmental libraries in Berkeley 
are included in the general library catalog. Some of the de- 
partments have duplicate catalogs of their own collections. 

Chicago: In general library, except for the law library, 
Rush Medical College, and Yerkes Observatory. Duplicate 
author catalogs and shelf lists are supplied for departmental 
libraries whose books are cataloged in the general library. 
Some of the libraries provide their own subject and other 
secondary entries. 

Cornell: All that are the property of the general library, 
and some others, are cataloged in the general library. 

Itlinois: General library. 

Iowa, University of: All purchasing and cataloging is done 
by the general library, and at least author catalogs are being 
developed for all departments. Card filing is done mainly by 
departmental library attendants. 

Iowa State College: Both. 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 191 


Kansas: Books are cataloged at central library. Depart- 
mental libraries are supplied with author and shelf list cards 
for their own catalogs. Some of the departments make sub- 
ject cards for their own catalogs. 

Michigan: All books, except for the law library, are cata- 
loged in the general library. 

Minnesota: General library writes the main cards for five 
departments and does all cataloging for the others. 

Missour1: All books are purchased and cataloged at the 
general library. 

Nebraska: Three libraries do their own cataloging; main 
library catalogs for the others. 

North Carolina: All cataloging is done at central, except 
that one branch makes its own secondary cards. 

Northwestern: In the department. General library orders 
printed cards when departments request it. 

Ohio State University: General library. 

Princeton: Both, in most cases. 

Rochester: Music library has a separate catalog depart- 
ment; books for all others are cataloged in the general library. 

Stanford: Except for medicine and law, all books are 
regarded as a part of the general library and are cataloged 
there. 

Syracuse: General library. 

Texas: General library. 

Washington University: General library for the depart- 
ments, but not for the schools. 

Wisconsin: Books for all college and departmental libra- 
ries except the law library are cataloged in the general library. 

Yale: In the departmental library except in a few in- 
stances when the books are cataloged by the general library. 

Centralization of administration—Concerning the ex- 
perience of the University of Chicago, Mr. Hanson writes 


192 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


as follows: “The present Chicago experience emphasizes 
centralization of administration, while permitting extensive 
decentralization of books. The experience has demonstrated 
so far that under this system there may be attained: 1, Great- 
er harmony and co-ordination in catalogs and classification ; 
2, More extensive control of expenditures for books, salaries, 
and equipment; 3, Closer co-operation between the various 
libraries; 4, Greater uniformity in service requirements, cor- 
respondence, forms, and application of rules and regulations, 
than where the administrative connection between libraries is 
merely nominal. 

“Some librarians and university administrators question 
the wisdom of providing a complete central catalog, an elab- 
orate and minute system of classification to cover books in 
all libraries, and a large and expensive collection of reference 
books in the central library, under a system which en- 
courages a majority of students and professors to use only a 
departmental library with its incomplete and partial collection 
of books, and its imperfect and defective catalog. The answer 
to this is that the saving in cataloging expenses, due to omis- 
sion of entries from the central catalog and transfer of the 
work to the departmental libraries, would be more than off- 
set by the loss of that harmony and co-ordination in entries 
and in classification which now permits wholesale transfer of 
books from one library to another without the slightest change 
in catalog entry or call number, and the loss of the great ad- 
vantage to professors, students, and library assistants of hav- 
ing a complete catalog of all the books of the university in 
one central place.’ 

A policy of increased centralization of books has recently 
been adopted at the University of Minnesota, by the follow- 
ing resolutions of the board of regents: 

“That hereafter no separate unit of the university library 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 193 


be established or maintained outside the general library ex- 
cept with the official approval of the president and the board 
of regents. 

“That the university librarian be directed to make pro- 
vision under his general control and supervision for the 
various units of the university library in harmony with the 
previous recommendation, and that he shall report to the 
president and the board of regents any modification of this 
policy which may seem necessary. 

“That, in order to enable more accurate records of uni- 
versity library activities to be kept, reports shall be made to 
the university librarian, by those in charge of any unit of 
the university library, of such matters as it may be necessary 
or desirable to include in any general or special report of the 
university librarian.” 

In presenting certain recommendations in line with these 
resolutions, the library committee called attention in the fol- 
lowing words to some of the disadvantages and some of the 
advantages of decentralization: “Scattered collections are 
rarely well administered, often closed to the general body of 
scholars and students by reason of inadequate staff, stand in 
greater danger from loss and theft, entail unnecessary duphi- 
cation of expensive sets and periodicals, and from the edu- 
cational standpoint mean isolation and provincialism in a day 
when the unity of scholarship and the inter-relation of all 
fields of science is the dominant note. Nevertheless, against 
this each and every special group can make a strong personal 
argument for the convenience of having its literature near its 
study and class room. From the reality and force of this 
argument one must usually cut away that part which is based 
on habit, custom, and inertia, where libraries have been thus 
decentralized. What groups are used to they grow to think 
is necessary, and then to defend as logical.” 

In the reorganization of the University of Iowa Library 


194 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


in 1924 a new position was created known as “supervisor of 
departmental libraries,’ in order that the problems arising 
from departmental collections might be more satisfactorily 
met. Chief among these problems was the lack of co-ordina- 
tion between the departmental libraries and other detached 
collections and the general library. At the same time, each 
separate collection had its own problems with which the 
available student help was scarcely able to cope. The prob- 
lem of jurisdiction between deans, department heads, faculty 
library advisers, the library board, and the librarian and his 
staff was confused and variously understood. The whole 
situation was greatly simplified by appointing the librarian 
specifically “director of university libraries” and adding the 
position of “supervisor of departmental libraries” to the li- 
brary staff organization. Through this supervisor, all mat- 
ters relating to the administration and service of depart- 
mental libraries and smaller collections are handled. Co- 
operation with all concerned has produced excellent results. 
Twenty-two unrelated and somewhat disorganized libraries 
and smaller collections have been reduced to sixteen, open at 
specified hours, with an attendant always on hand when open; 
routine has been clarified and made systematic, and reports 
are made each month to the supervisor, who in turn presents 
a consolidated report to the director. The organization is. 
quite similar to that in large public libraries where a super- 
visor of branches is a regular member of the staff 
organization. 

Departmental libraries in smaller universities and col- 
leges.—Reports received from the college and uni- 
versity libraries of from 50,000 to 100,000 volumes show 
very much the same general variations as those which have 
been brought out in the reports concerning the larger institu- 
tions, where the departmental library problems are likely to 
be more acute. Among thirty-eight libraries reporting, only 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 195 


five report no departmental or seminar collections. Nearly 
all of the departmental libraries reported are under central 
administration. Libraries entirely or mainly under separate 
administration are the following: Bates (Department of 
Biology) ; Cincinnati (Law, Medicine and Nursing) ; Ken- 
tucky (Law and Experiment Station); North Dakota 
(Law); Pittsburgh (Mellon Institute); Washington and 
Lee (Law, Chemistry, Commerce, Electrical Engineering, 
Physics) ; West Virginia (Law, Mathematics, Physics). 
The subject involves so much intricate detail that it is im- 
possible to present here a more detailed report concerning 
the departmental libraries of the smaller institutions. Among 
sixty libraries of from 20,000 to 50,000 volumes, approxi- 
mately one-third report some extent of departmentalization : 
ten have some departmental libraries, in the sense of the 
Surveys definition, and thirteen others have seminar collec- 
tions. Libraries of less than 20,000 volumes were not re- 
quested to answer the questions on this topic. A few, how- 
ever, answered, and from their replies it appears that several, 
at least, of the smaller colleges have decentralized their col- 
lections to some extent. Eureka College, for example, re- 
ports four seminar collections. Northeastern University has 
departmental libraries in the schools of Law, Engineering, 
Business Administration, and Commerce and Finance. 


Il, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS 


The term executive department is here used with reference 
to the organization of the working force of the library into 
departments, each of which is recognized as a distinct unit 
in the administration of the library and the performance of 
its work. By a division is meant a distinct unit in the 
organization of a department, in charge of some definite 
part of the department’s work. These definitions are adopted 
merely for the sake of uniformity in this report. There is 


196 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


no uniformity in the nomenclature adopted by different libra- 
ries. A department, as the term is here used, is supposed to 
have its own chief, directly responsible to the chief librarian, 
and usually has also, in whole or in part, a separate depart- 
mental staff, responsible to the head of the department. A 
division, likewise, is supposed to have its own chief, who is 
immediately responsible to and under the direct supervision 
of the head of the department, and often has also a separate 
divisional staff of one or more assistants. 

So far as possible these distinctions and definitions have 
been observed in the following reports. In several of the 
libraries cited, however, the number of full-time members 
of the staff is not greatly in excess of the number of depart- 
ments. One library, for example, with a staff of nine full- 
time people, reports four departments; another, with twelve 
people, has six departments; another, with nine people, has 
seven departments. In some cases, therefore, the depart- 
mental organization signifies merely that certain parts of the 
library's work are considered sufficiently important to re- 
quire the recognition of some one person as especially in 
charge of each, either with or without a staff of departmental 
assistants. Thus Vassar and Wellesley recognize certain 
department heads, but have no rigid departmental organiza- 
tion of the staff. Vassar has a reference librarian, who as- 
sists in administrative work, a head cataloger, in full charge 
of the catalog, and a loan-desk supervisor who is in full 
charge of the loan desk, but assistants in these departments 
are sometimes called on for other work. At Wellesley, like- 
wise, there is a head cataloger, a reference librarian, a head of 
circulation, and a head of binding and periodicals, but the as- 
signment of staff members in general is flexible. 

Among thirty-three libraries of more than 100,000 volumes 
some degree of departmental organization is reported by 
thirty-one; only two report that they have no departmental 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 197 


distinctions at all, and that all staff members are assigned 
temporarily for work wherever they are needed. In the 
other libraries the number of departments varies from one 
to eight; only two have less than three departments, and 
only nine have more than five. The following list gives the 
number of departments reported by each library; the figures 
in parentheses following the names of the colleges represent 
the “number of staff, library service, excluding part-time 
employes,” reported by each library on its reply to the 
questionnaire. 

One department: Amherst (9). 

Two departments: Virginia (4). 

Three departments: Brown (20), Bryn Mawr (9), Dart- 
mouth (17), Vassar (10), Yale (56). 

Four departments: California (40), Colgate (5), Indi- 
ana (11), Missouri (22), Nebraska (23), Notre Dame (6), 
Ohio Wesleyan (9), Wellesley (14). 

Five departments: Catholic University of America (15), 
Cornell (21), Minnesota (44), Northwestern (14), Prince- 
ton (56), Texas (25), University of Washington (16). 

Six departments: Chicago (98), Oberlin (23), Oregon 
(18), Washington University (12). 

Seven departments: Colorado (15), Pennsylvania (48), 
State College of Washington (9). 

Eight departments: Iowa (27), Michigan (8&0). 

Departments of twenty-seven different names are reported 
by the thirty-one libraries cited above, although this number 
may be reduced to nineteen by classing together certain de- 
partments which apparently differ less in functions than in 
names. Of these nineteen departments, four (cataloging, 
reference, circulation, and order) have a high enough repre- 
sentation to permit them, perhaps, to be classed as funda- 
mental or nearly universal. 

A cataloging department is reported by all of the thirty- 


198 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


one libraries. Six of these (Catholic University of America, 
Chicago, Colorado, Cornell, Indiana, and Michigan) have also 
a classification department, instead of combining this with the 
cataloging, and one of these (Chicago) has a separate shelf- 
listing division in the classification department. University 
of Oregon reports both a cataloging and a “continuations 
cataloging’ department. 

A reference department, either alone or in combination 
with some other department, is reported by all. The term 
reference department is used by twenty-three to designate 
this branch of their organization; Chicago and Cornell have 
a “readers’ department”; Bryn Mawr, Virginia, and Yale 
combine reference and circulation, and also Amherst, where 
the reference work is done from the loan desk and both the 
reference work and the loan work are under the direction of 
the assistant librarian. Dartmouth at present combines 
reference and order work. Michigan combines reference and 
lending work in a “service to readers’ department. This 
is under the supervision of the associate librarian, and em- 
braces the following divisions: reading rooms; circulation 
and stacks; study halls; medical reading room; departmental 
libraries; and the rare book room. 

Circulation is recognized as a distinct department in 
twenty-one, and in combination with some other department 
in six: Bryn Mawr and Yale combining with reference, Col- 
gate with periodicals and binding, Chicago and Cornell with 
their readers’ departments, and Michigan as one division of 
the “service to readers’ department. 

An order department, under some name, is recognized in 
twenty-five of the libraries reporting. Fifteen use the term 
order department; seven call it either acquisition or acces- 
sion department; Dartmouth combines order and reference; 
Indiana, cataloging and order; and Iowa, order and binding. 

Among the departments reported by fewer libraries are 


ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION 199 


an administration department, reported by seven (Bryn 
Mawr, Chicago, Iowa, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Texas, Uni- 
versity of Washington); a department of periodicals, re- 
ported by two (Northwestern, State College of Washing- 
ton) ; a department of periodicals and binding, reported by 
three (Pennsylvania, Washington University, Wellesley) ; 
and the following, with representations of four or less. 

Bindery: Indiana, Minnesota, Notre Dame, State College 
of Washington. 

Stacks: Cornell, Pennsylvania, Washington University. 

Reserves: Colorado, Oregon. 

Reserve reading room: Iowa. 

Undergraduate study hall: Iowa. 

Serials: State College of Washington. 

Exchange: Catholic University of America. 

Card: Chicago. 

Branches: Colorado. 

Departmental libraries: [owa. 

Special collections: Princeton. 

Library extension: Michigan. 

Instruction in summer course: Michigan. 


Little is reported in regard to sub-departmental organiza- 
tion into divisions. Brown has two divisions of the order 
department, a division of books and supplies and a division of 
serials and binding. Chicago has in its acquisition depart- 
ment a gift and exchange division, a duplicate and map di- 
vision, and a binding division. Chicago has also a shelf- 
listing division of the classification department. University 
of Washington, in its acquisition department, has divisions of 
orders and accessions, periodicals and exchanges, and _ bind- 
ing. State College of Washington has a reserve division of 
the circulation department. 

Reports from the smaller libraries indicate that in most 
libraries of less than 100,000 volumes there are very few 


200 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


departmental distinctions, and that most of the distinctions 
which are made involve merely a natural division of the 
work, rather than the actual division of the staff into differ- 
ent departments. 


CHAPTER II 


Sievilet IGS OLX PEND ER ES : 
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 


For purposes of comparison, statistics of college and uni- 
versity libraries present even greater differences than the sta- 
tistics of public libraries. Behind the seeming uniformity of 
reports from various institutions, even a casual study reveals 
many differences in method, on the part of the library or of 
the institution to which it belongs. In some reports, for in- 
stance, general maintenance expenses are included; others 
exclude some or all maintenance items because they are 
charged to the general funds of the college or university and 
are not carried on the library budget. Under expenditures 
for salaries, some include all salaries paid for library service ; 
others exclude certain salaries which are paid from depart- 
mental or other funds, not on the library’s budget. Of more 
consequence still are the different significations of the amount 
spent for books, periodicals, and binding. In some reports 
this item represents the total amount spent for these pur- 
poses by the entire institution; in others it includes only the 
general library of the university or college, and none of the 
libraries attached to departments or to schools; in others it 
includes expenditures of some schools or departments, but 
not of all. 

Still less tangible are the differences which may exist be- 
tween one college or university and another, which may have 
an important effect on the nature of the library’s work and 
on its statistical records. It is difficult, for instance, to make 
trustworthy comparison between one library which is essen- 
tially collegiate and the library of a university which has 
many professional schools where much advanced research is 


201 


202 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


done. On this point one library writes: ‘““We are on the 
border line, providing university work with what is primarily 
a college population. Ina research library many books must 
be purchased which have no interest to undergraduate stu- 
dents. Hence statements based on student population may 
be misleading when considering expenditures for books and 
for salaries in relation to the number of students.” 

In compiling the following tables every possible effort has 
been made to ensure their absolute accuracy. All the figures 
have been verified, in correspondence with the libraries men- 
tioned, with the exception of two or three items where no 
response was received to the statements which were sent for 
verification. We have endeavored also to co-ordinate the 
reports from all lbraries, in order that all might be pre- 
sented on the same basis, so far as possible, of inclusion 
and exclusion, and some libraries have been omitted because 
co-ordination was not possible. The tables, however, are not 
presented for purposes of “rating’’ or comparison, and they 
should not be used for such purposes without more detailed 
knowledge of the circumstances in each case than it is pos- 
sible to present in this report. The comments made on this 
point with reference to the statistics of public libraries apply 
also to the statistics of college and university libraries. In 
many cases, full knowledge of local conditions and methods 
would merely explain the reason why certain figures are 
higher or lower in one library than in another, without alter- 
ing the fact that they are higher or lower; in other cases 
such knowledge would show that if the two libraries were 
put on exactly the same basis of comparison in all respects 
(assuming that this could be done), the apparent differences 
would become very much less or would disappear. The 
figures that are given in each table merely represent certain 
facts concerning the libraries mentioned, in one particular — 
year, and may be taken as representative of what certain li- 


STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES 203 


braries are doing. For comparisons of “efficiency” they 
would be utterly unreliable. For computation of “averages” 
they would involve an uncertain, but unquestionably very 
large, percentage of error. 

No statistics of circulation have been included, because of 
irreconcilable differences in the reports. Some of the re- 
ports included no circulation figures at all; some included the 
circulation of reserves and other special loans, some reported 
such circulation separately, and some excluded it altogether ; 
some included and some excluded the circulation from de- 
partmental and seminar libraries. 

All maintenance expenditures have likewise been omitted, 
because of the great variations in practice as to the inclusion 
of these in the library’s budget. The tables, therefore, are 
concerned solely with the expenditures for books, periodi- 
cals, and binding, and for salaries. 


EXPLANATION OF TABLES 


The statistics are given separately for the libraries in each 
of four classes, grouped according to the number of volumes: 

Class A More than 100,000 volumes 

Class B  50,000-100,000 volumes 

Class C 20,000-50,000 volumes 

Class D Less than 20,000 volumes 

With exception of a very few libraries which reported 
figures for 1924-25, all figures are for the collegiate year 
1923-24. 

Table 1: Proportionate amounts spent for (a) books, 
periodicals, and binding, and (b) salaries. 

This table gives the percentage of the whole income, less 
the amount spent for general maintenance, which was spent 
for books, periodicals, and binding, and the percentage which 
was spent for salaries. 

The amounts spent for salaries are based on the reported 


204 , CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


expenditures for “salaries: library service,’ excluding 
“salaries: janitor service.’ Presumably, therefore, they in- 
clude all salaries paid to student assistants, as well as the 
salaries of all members of the regular library staff, both pro- 
fessional and clerical. Salaries paid from general university 
funds, and not on the library’s budget, are included. 

The table includes the ten libraries which reported the high- 
est expenditures and the ten which reported the lowest ex- 
penditures, for books, periodicals and binding. Since ex- 
penditures for other purposes are not included, the libraries 
which were highest in expenditures for books were neces- 
sarily the lowest in expenditures for salaries. 

Table 2: Per capita expenditures for books, periodicals, 
and binding. 

Table 3: Per capita expenditures for salaries. 

These tables are based on the regular student enrolment of 
collegiate grade, excluding summer students and extension 
students, and excluding the faculty. 

Crass A (More than 100,000 volumes) 
TABLE 1: PROPORTIONATE AMOUNTS SPENT FoR (A) Books, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING, AND (B) SALARIES 
Among 26 libraries whose figures could be compared, the 


following were the highest ten in expenditures for books, etc., 
and the lowest in expenditures for salaries: 


A B 
UNIVErsityOLGLOWAL te hee ee oe ee 68.1% 31.9% 
University of a Nebraska. sata cee es Sock 44.9 
rirversitya-o le W ashinoton done ont ae eee Ce 53.8 46.2 
Washineton University: atc, - 0h ae ene Be 46.3 
Dartmouth Collece tig au 5 cacds baie aon cree 53.5 46.5 
University ot North: Cafoliiag. wes esee ree 48.3 Sis7 
Wesleyan University ansetcac Se ut ante ee ee 47.9 Sa 
Hranriltonm@ollerets Anke... hg recess 44.7 55/3 
Bryne Mawes @Ouewem tet. ea. yer eee eee 43.6 56.4 
PrincetonmUniversityins 2s ne ier eee 43.1 56.9 


1 Excludes departmental libraries. 


STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES 205 


The following were lowest in expenditures for books, etc., 
and highest in expenditures for salaries: 


MPINGereity UlalNiLAPO.. pt ck rs ee Geter a 28.9% 71.1% 
eR OEE Ofe WaSshitipton. ©. cn tout.) o44 std eile 30.8 69.2 
Ree eer BECOME RE entrain fh toate RICA AAR aes Oo. 8 31.9 68.1 
ere OMCP CMe Core tae Ab can ote cele ne 33.6 66.4 
Peleslov eC Oller e str. ony dal telat) 65 eo ny hd coo 33.9 66.1 
Peay else Otc ennSyl Vania av, <) «ste es he een rent 36.9 63.1 
Reet Veo PeVEITUCSOLQ Ace site oats fe ok wee cereale at 3/2 62.8 
PALM TIVETSILV Game ot ee auc ae dleee cance ats 38.1 61.9 
TUR IVELSILVOLe NLISSOUTIIS, cer. so te eae Ca RA et 38.8 61.2 
PRM CESIL Ye NIA A ye. ves coche lee ns et 38.9 61.1 


TABLE 2; PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR Books, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 20 libraries) : 


ECE LOLINE DLV ELSILYA Gt tie Sette ree ae Wald bu pen he eee $25.11 
PEC Ay CAS OLUERC Gees ee acl ie eee CON cee lor 22.47 
PIES SUMS OLE Can i hr ie hi oa ee Gd Pa sete cla Pe Guns erates 19.74 
Pid WMILOL CEO LLCO CM mas. NEN so) ee Nae ohe Cet ae pale men eee 17.70 
Pease MCU TiVO eSILy Mure UNE A en iW JUN! Suh ee Oa MLS pais G eit eae 14.71 
Ran IIMeC IKI VET SILVA) mee eee AC Pe vinnie eM shy gc atglees fae 13.42 
LE Eg avaVele baa 9 Glad Oey ced Gi adi os CU a aA toatl baa i ee Web alg Na Ae Ge AB 13.39 
RRIMEESIEY FOC BLU Watt orn at ee ate nt ane, ce ce pr mney tok 11.97 
PIMC ERI Cy er te. IT COM ie iin kit wat sist) vata dibiare oe een teed Sais 9.75 
WNEsELIIOLOIMUITVELSIt ystems, outs cot) Walco sete Oe ee he eo a ive 8.87 
Lowest Ten: 
BTV ODS V EOL AIT CIAll A ty verre we cree de ee ae ce tes $3.60 
MIN er sivas Tew iSSOUTIe trina arene as dre ou le eee oe teens 4.27 
Sei fis, sO TENTS Valiar tare. douse rea ee ee Oe 5.09 
aM VES CV ATIMUTILVEL SIL Varseantcmiiy 4 osetia yee ake eee ee 5.58 
Re eR MMIEO HEINCDIASKAGS «tie cite ces ck AAU sta hse coer AR 6.71 
DM VCESICy TOTRC OIOTALLO ote ieee eh ene eo 6.85 
Reiversizy Ole WASHINGTON. ity os cee ee atte eek iene ars Ghd ae taee Teoe 
SRR TBC Ley aie SCL oo nike Ue Mr nT Ora a erate nae tenn ar 7.74 
PP ALEMUOTINVEDSITV acted Sr es chk carci ce ealeael cae ne ine ae eere rs 8.14 
PRU ELSICV ROT ICHIOAN itd oc Mone Greets ole Wan Piste 5 nk cee 8.71 


TABLE 3: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 20 libraries) : 


LICR OITMLITILVOTSity wen ss c cece sie nee eae ties ee $33.15 
Pa MUMOLA VET GOLLEIE. I ols. paicnnsrottes Aue oe Peet t tre Oe ek 29.07 
CAUUCESURALOLLOC ES ira is Va. Et omen cate at Pate OE eraiey are 26.24 
PP AUUIOUROOLICPE Sec ita ls tan Ne arias wire ett ee ante ty eos 21.83 
PRIME UIIVOLETL ay ciec eric se toahesats tacbre Wier ys Wik Wie, che WRT i UU 21.80 


Poe ON TLORL ICI VEL SIL Vinee ic vein ART loss AP. Oieicte ess bes ete ees Ve 19.43 


206 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Vassar.’ Gollegesio2h 32 at AERA ae nce ona eee 18.77 
Oberlin: College 20S 82ucndwcdane sped aie, broemtonan Ue eee 15.27 
University. OF = OTegorts.vv- ad aay eet eek aie ee eee 13.44 
Untiversitysof (Michigan aan ee pn ee oe 13.23 
Lowest Ten: 
University ofaNebtaska uc. ue eon as thee ae $ 5.46 
University ofe LOW... % sissies ee ee aed eae eee 5.62 
University soielndianame «0 eck wee eee se ae 5.64 
University of. W ashingtomicaccs. secs oe aired ote anh ae 6.30 
Universityc ob Missourticc) 0% cosmo sts a 7 ets erin ee 6.73 
Washinetotie Universifyvines cal) > sec ancien in 6 ou eae ee a 7.63 
Ohio. Wesléyan. Unrversity. 7. a sce haces ae Acie iee Lee ee 7.82 
University’ ofePennsyivania aace oor oe ee ee 8.70 
University of). Coloradacy. ccs. ete ek ee ee 9.46 
Dartmouthy-Gollece mae rat eae ao ee ene 11.63 


Crass B (50,000 to 100,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: PROPORTIONATE AMOUNTS SPENT FOR (A) Books, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING, AND (B) SALARIES 
Among 31 libraries whose figures could be compared, the 
following were the highest ten in expenditures for books, etc., 
and the lowest in expenditures for salaries: 


A B 
Adniversilysot Kentucky lacs tac sere eae eee 62.7% 37.3% 
MINIVErsity LOL AL Ratisasome sain clea, One me ee inate 59.1 40.9 
Duke wUiniversityeiie ween sre cee een. Reeres 58.4 41.6 
Westivarcinia iUiniversityaatsh i aban see ere 575 42.5 
Whiversitvaots Uta mic tk een ee eee 55.6 44.4 
Mixiniies Univ ersity wsse leet citi ae rae eels 53.8 46.2 
Miniversity) OLeMainey ian tn dito nt ere, ae nine ree 50.3 49.7 
Univ ersitve ote A DIZOL a ites wast hate oe cer eee 50.1 49.9 
Gniversity ote soutien lakotat te eee ee 47.8 52.2 
Lativersityr ora bittspure iam smeee ie ce eee 47.6 52.4 


The following were lowest in expenditures for books, etc., 
and highest in expenditures for salaries: 


OlbVRC CLLER emt steele am lale eed diceee ite ai iar ieee ee 23.5% 76.5% 
Bates Colles eee ii. c. acu cee eee oe re eee 26.1 73.9 
Pennsylvanias states Gollewe, 0). nok eas eee 28.9 Fate : 
Matis * COUECT CR ioe ksi ie ee Ae 29.4 70.6 
Oregon State Agricultural College................ 30.7 69.3 
Mountetiolyoke:Collewe-. 2 0.2.6 ce i ae ee ee 3d 68.7 
Radclittes(olleden 2 = iucces Sg et eee ee 34.1 65.9 


GrinnellaGollege ric it pecike cco ole ee ee 34.9 65,1 


STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES 207 


University of Tennessee 
Colorado College 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR BOOKS, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 30 libraries) : 


PLO eee aN ae a MS Gan ewe ial abe yl wala wate $32.96 
RESO PR YY VOLT dae oh aig Wi ns wie 4 ola sees 3 4.4feae eth 6 eat 12.55 
Re i Nee CR BE ere CCS ns hss oo ole Kae me aie aes ei tre 12.39 
RPC LOCO COC ed rates: iterate! oh) asco nraigo. & Mieke te ald a wa ee Week 12.02 
WERE te aes TN SICA ILSS Si racct drs tin ele «uke aicanrshona x edeeueis ope nate, € RST Ee 11.38 
Mee Si yt ATI ZONA ae cOe ees ee ne oe ele eae te te etaeens 9.04 
Deeerere am OPEV RT SIEY oF gi ota > 2Gny ve SURI Ce Re es cee PA tile 8.44 
PE VOM ta COUT sAKOA= tf ty cc ols eis Coe ca tiad ceo w ale dee ors 7.87 
MeN HMECTITEMEESIUV Sas Ae Me 0b oer nas wih res ale Settee ie eed ie Sek ow, 7.67 
PS OPTRA TEAC GPSOWAG GAMES Bee CETERA SARS SU AE IC. GEE Sr eNGain FT-IR 6.69 

Lowest Ten: 
Beery Vaninu. ota LenteOll Coe ott Ea dia civics a 4 > ale dee os $1.94 
Pee lly ete teSDUTET a. wis peter ak ls clin ae ietelclinecs were Pawa 
et CRON CMe Cee ee Austr waar tis a aie one Fes goto Shea releases 2.28 
MEE MAME GUE MRIS. rr eae in oes Gin ick sole tale tah, A Selena tad Beek 2.38 
PN TNVERL COMER se ee iy our 2 ce Cie ER ae ecole ic heel a 2.50 
PE GOO Cee ene fe yet Be ER ica oe aie STE eee ake te bone 4.03 
Mma Ves Call Wert ae eels tie Sete R ectnd Paces ets Vaated tee 4.04 
PePESI CESS SEIS ECOLUCK YOR con cs eo eae ea Le los Greene eR Rs 4.62 
Diente rOt anid 166. University srn .5:scie b npits whip wie soaseeate bfe steie. s 4.79 
BMT OR SOMLEZ OR Gt cece EET sss he 8 Nie broiclcaines Oe Ue an ntee hike me 

TABLE 3: PER Capita EXPENDITURES FOR SALARIES 

Highest Ten (among 30 libraries) : 
CE LOT CMM HIE CS ie PO, Bi Ne Sen ahs Dates ashes, aatug tO. is $39.30 
Bese POTYOC Cees oa ase ee Fee oh BI A alae at na sb eee ake 15.91 
Renee LOTT VER VV. Y OMIT D veto coe ciate chads hs Ae wagon oo ta in ain See ee ek 14.49 
Pantene OOK em Olle Gata eho ac cake 9 wa ebmeiu ale saaleiataes 13.79 
Grinnell College ..... Lt eae eet, lle toast a. Pn yada 12.47 
Rit cents Vasa CNTIESSCE op i. oil's oo aka eso ree eee ts ELS2 
Rel UV PO NEONTANA ..v5 5.4.5 oa clacetare y ayers Sieh Muse Tamieuce 11.30 
ROPER ME LEME LGLE Ve sons tates os nee Soa ate Sastre wees as Raeieaeete e tans 10.63 
CMA LOMO aie es 5c a5 is sala SRlce Die oe wien eee eT ee 9.95 
PP SIOTACIVE OEP CEM oe ORS Toe 5s Re REL BP ag ORD 9.06 

Lowest Ten: 
PRCVCONIT MEO EMICSDUITE ites ol ee etn eed arate oe aay $2.43 
peereraty Orci entucky  o.:ignie pete Or ae ee a kes 2.74 
ernment ys O br ll talye ydios ke eis gota es ek Sumy ee oe 
mennsyvivaniiotatey Gollesetecae: Maeseie Sees 6k lee oe 4.78 
ol EET OF EE ee eae Sel es ed yt tte PE Ry ert Sind, Gls Ae 5.48 
ay Ste inpiinia  Untrversityeeesdn .e.oe we Pua eee eee 5.53 


208 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Tu ftss College ye ia cy or een wat ate ee pe 574 
University: of o Maine sca) soecs fe ts ooo sie erie hea cee ate 5.79 
Washineton and Lee University. . rc. ones oe eee eee 6.14 
Bates:: College say, aac air hia on wckta othe Shoda ta aie ene 6.44 


Crass C (20,000 to 50,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: PROPORTIONATE AMOUNTS SPENT FOR (A) BOOKS, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING, AND (B) SALARIES 
Among 37 libraries whose figures could be compared, the 
following were the highest ten in expenditures for books, etc., 
and the lowest in expenditures for salaries: 


A B 
Knoxe Colleg ba ive: maeacei oop ecteheristn ciate sen aren tear 70.9% 29.1% 
Ripons College terre te el cas tate ee rete een oe 59.4 40.6 
Alabama oly technica iistitu temp. ne a faker 57.6 42.4 
North; CarolinarCollege for) Women... ...2 oe ee 56.0 44.0 
MINIVersity OM Souter @alitoiniag. iy ern oe ee 525 47.5 
Witten bero: Colle cesere wre re caer ee einen ree ny as) 48.7 
Draken University tee ee 50.0 50.0 
Texas Christian University ......... APE RENAN ae 49.4 50.6 
Grover City. College te 26 ie, acne men eee nana 47.9 521 
ANTIOCH 2 GOLCEE I secrhe nie te ete ey ae ie nae en ete 46.3 53 


The following were lowest in expenditures for books, etc., 
and highest in expenditures for salaries: 


Hanover ollege wa ee 8 OU Ore ey pacer tee 20.0% 80.0% 
Oklahoma Aeris and ‘Mechs College, 3... 22.4 776 
North, DakotavAcricultural sGolleseey ee ee 24.8 75.2 
OlivetuGolleve say iro eee joe te tan Aan reeer Neate 25.6 74.4 
Western Reserve Univ. College for Women........ 26.3 73.7 
Mountuwnionm( olleveure soe. ne eee ee pe) 68.9 
SimmonsiCollegesa er nave cen Meet cet ep te 31.5 68.5 
MontanaeState! Gollevemetrtaa amie eee eee 31.8 68.2 
Washington and Jefferson College ............... 32.0 68.0 
Dickinson? College: Se eee ene ee SERS 66.7 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR BOOKS, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 32 libraries) : 
NortheGarolina ‘College iior Womens...) 9. ee ee $15.47 
Millis aVollewee aca. ch duets ace 6 eis ros a ees ee 13.98 
Luther College 
Alfred Oniversit yin.” jactssc’s siciete wie ac acco wnelans Rea nee aoe en ee 7:38 


STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES 209 


DEEP COLE rss Cathe Shanes she NW GP Sale he create nl pan wits Bee Wis 6.38 
Eater sity Gr Southern Aealitornia ren cook sem big cs doe Cn ae ole 6.33 
rE SC Mer tN 0d aie cles Va eAe SV aed Cee oa whe athe eS aD 6.03 
BPA ar Creel. Sick Caden s2eS se eich ak oa otha SB ake 5.74 
Peer LIT SLC Re aac che ole ak be eh Oi ee He eR err eny 5.20 
Sunhind GELS LEGS Ss. sg Eee sO Me re eR mt ay os ard A 27 ari pee Wy A 5.08 
Lowest Ten: 
PVCU OCC set ree el ie Ce ee he ee eee oe get han aes nes fA 
OUT BE rte Sd Oe sy 2 oe rc A aa RTS Dy de hr i 1.49 
Re ELOY LC eee ae Eats las for an Sh watts eaten cre ete 1.82 
Penoiia tert anda Mec «ONES Es 2 alts a cee i cee teed 1.83 
MUM UMMe ICCC MGT this Fe oe vars et air ead Oh Ee hritat a 2.41 
Primesa Am OIVACCHiicC InStitltes Aeros ccctdoves seve: cea Ne s 2.78 
Sere Cait VON SU OUCCE Ins fs atn commen ne ce tieactet sts 2.97 
MrT eT ee We EO Ci, cle oe fa. y Cul Bota cron «<l cnanerde & Gi boos RS oe Sais 
2 lig eh GOVT LETT TE AERA oe ale fie Rah SE PR RS AIA die aretha ey 3.14 
MEPS LU OLATHO cOUILL Me Nits Ne ed Geet ret oe calamities he 3.14 


TABLE 3: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 32 libraries) : 


Prema LC MTN a ie, a cielo co eh cteencs an aks der’) etnies cae $22.61 
POEM O CCC ete Re err OA ices oie oui cite 2a nile Bes a he ee 15.80 
Porm arouiasGollese  foraWOMEN. «cag es os ou 2s bine tie Wit 
Western Reserve University College for Women............ 11.19 
Pins OMLO GC oo aia ee alira on oie ate son tie eM Cape oneintee on 11.02 
“agit SR CEOS TS RIE 9 os ay sa RRA DR RIG ine 10.71 
ECO IVEESILU Oe. nth ete ss cine ree Cone atk in oa aie) 10.64 
PamnmoanotasAcriculitral College. 7.0.2 erase ner ee <- 10.34 
Bee OT POLLED rere pee rie als ey oh eure a A oo un 10.23 
eee re me Tiatttiite mem: Fe othe), hia, ar sie ves o Nein vee Ls 10.08 
Lowest Ten: 
PApamas Fonteconicn LOstitiiles een font he Re eae $2.05 
Prete IGOgn, nee Keke Gon Wc tok Ves Bi ap bes iss ah Piero ee 2.08 
Me ROP COUCIC ae ariel ld weal Cuno ALN lier 2g 2.59 
Per CIPBE GLICO Gm iss Bat ts 2 5s.s colon iodine Maal oe. 2.85 
PRLIENDCT OSI OLE OR ou. erect bahia we See UL Gaerne Lee 2.97 
er SCRA CUO DE mee. he Ci FO ies ote oA Sen aoe Oe oe ee 3.63 
CEASE VS C505) HESS 9 8 aaa eee ae SIN Ig Meier a Ns ee Og Mee La 3.91 
ig mart AVE college sire oe sss Hak GAA Ress eae TENE re ee 4.78 
Seratisvivaliian (OUECKE> bac sa ke i Liat keel tl eae athe veer See 4.92 
Saw VV ESLOVATA CL ONEIC 5, a5 17. cult Reels oa eee eee ee oe ame 5.44 


Crass D (less than 20,000 volumes) 


TABLE 1: PROPORTIONATE AMOUNTS SPENT FOR (A) Books, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING, AND (B) SALARIES 


Among 45 libraries whose figures could be compared, the 


210 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


following were the highest ten in expenditures for books, etc., 
and the lowest in expenditures for salaries: 


A B 
Golumbia * Collegeweeus si paces se caren aN ene ee 86.9% 13.1% 
@ieens. Colerain. cc ne Gene eae een eee ae ee ‘eats 24.5 
PU TOraN A OUEMErersay Vee Ol a kate tae eee ee Reece 71.8 28.2 
[ei woranver@ ollegews Dans enc. Ce Gena fn gets 62.7 See 
BOnCOrdiay COMerere ve Wen a tee ame ee ean ores 55d, 44.3 
Manchesters Coliese vy... us SAARC 5 Ue AA ot pt bee 44.3 
Northeastern a Universit yew 40s ei a ee eee 49.3 50.7 
Wesleyan College susntan octy ce ter otal a te tae eee 47.0 53.0 
Puget Sound College ..... PRE EN er ae Se aa oe t: 46.8 i oe 
Marshalls @olleged te ioe ae eae eo ame 6 oh, eee tan eee 46.6 53.4 


The following were lowest in expenditures for books, etc., 
and highest in expenditures for salaries. 


AdelphigiGollesas seca weet Osa oevinicks sui ketnd ee ke ae 16.8% 83.2% 
@entrabiGollememe teen ea We ors Woe ene e tems 18.3 81.7 
MWesteriy Marviand«eCotle sere eer css ne epee, 20.4 79.6 
Garmegie lInstitiite: of, Lechnoldgy we... wees eee 26.4 73.6 
Sitirthefin Colleve cu ams ae ees 27.0 73.0 
TTGOdEC OEE ate cacc coin ot eee eee 27.4 72.6 
UUntversitytolteNew i Mexicoss hie ee ee ee td as. fore 
Waeptelal OChGOl of. kechnolo gy a tae ere 29.0 71.0 
Lebanone Valley: Collerey ha eee eer 29.3 70.7 
Miltons Collepevna Coe e eo one a eee en eae ae 29.6 70.4 


TABLE 2: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR Books, 
PERIODICALS, AND BINDING 


Highest Ten (among 36 libraries) : 


Columbiat, Collevess.-ue cosa daca ee, i ene aah ae $23.44 
Mueens College Weis hs we, here cue ee, ate alt «a red «ee 16.53 
Connecticut. Collegector .\Women 6. on te se dee 8.05 
Woncordia™ Collere oie. 3 hoi. ae wc cles ba ole tee os ee 7.78 
deat Grange: Collégeuen tosis ls oa oak alae oe 6.90 
University, of ON ew Mexicopesan. « olccscct tee ee 6.31 
Marshall: Collegevwi ah ee uit coe a 2 ee 6.16 
Westminster.’ College 00>, 25 3,,'e des as © oi a a Dante 
Colorado ;Western, State; College 2tisnc-e ewe ae 4.89 
shurtleft Colleges: A. eves iat. ie ta ae oe ake 4.51 
Lowest Ten: 
Wansase Wesleyan University este orci se ee eee $ .86 
Central (Gollége! itn wee ree ee ee ee 90 
Adetphi:Collere seh ta. 2m k eee) ate ere ee ee 94 
Northeastern = University =: <0.) 20) ae es eee 1.04 


GeorgiasState Collepesfor Women 20. h Ae ee soo 1.14 


STATISTICS OF EXPENDITURES 211 


Ceeeene INSuUtILer OL MLeCINOlOg yi wie &) aiiabe ele Gow. ea « Sins es 1.19 
Serer Heir WIA CSO UER EE oe) ak aad Dalia. b caret ss a oe ene 1.39 
enter ET NTL WCC Ics COLL E Sie ie ace edie Bote wee ot mol ce 4 ee REE 1.67 
Patieniteium, Collége’ .... 0 Fe. VEN ees EET PCR ea ceee 1.8 
Caer LTO ECHICO Cache, 245 Shark Ld a Rate LR n es age ste ave se ak 1.97 


TABLE 3: PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES FOR SALARIES 


Highest Ten (among 36 libraries) : 
MVPS eG TaN CW VL GKICO. eid cit tie So ire hue sc cle os eee $16.36 


Mee CATE Ae Ole TOL GVW OITIET scr 2 Peed os oo late ie sie oie nae ote 14.91 
SCE re NN. OM re ee ee ge. She RRS SU RIC x cates CBRE 12.20 
Bret erlec ey route eS PRS che i MY SN Ee ee Dk 8.43 
POH Cr COMES EI. coke chet ait is, 0o a'leteabs: Cae fae ak oe 7.93 
ESTA IMCOUCS Cig or Fee eR hs ce Poe ETE eee ere 7.05 
RYT PEC Bp) a, Re bate eA 2 eA ee as 6.38 
SresGTIS te CRU GIO. sth. pata ai GiGe. 1s EN Ei ae we Re 6.16 
Deeemericeee JOMEr LSOlleEge oN.g cee eyes mete heres Neo ce 6.11 
Dee ROCCO om. 8 ere which sed mh tia ail oR ene ws acta ts 5.98 
Lowest Ten: 
Beemer EC CATV CL S1t Va toc la oc OOS ete Me hoe ae cee tee nae $1.07 
Pere adceyyesleyaa  LINiversity vee coc siea sib is cael oe ae eas 1.43 
Lol SVR a ET a Oa ge SS a Ot, Aner Ba a aa pi nl 2.29 
eure totate-Callese tor WOMmeMH is. 2... f.wihe ouens ate cwetes 2.39 
Permereeteristiver Aegean ya ome mae eee an Ie, Sey ane ee Ee Se a, 2.44 
PemEIpC EDC OC Nera. Tote Se bare ht eA Ne eue soa ees a0 
Pratiee ce istitute- OL.) CCHOOLOSY os ce ua are ss oo ie ea lene: 330 
ea eG ERG Mi ke ae a Stes Uke Nake divs EO RE ee 3.50 
rete crikand Mechs Colleve rss cierics tk aot alent "wes 3.81 
Perrackas VV eslevati: University. & ass6's sae ina kao soe ehe a ne eae 3.99 


PERCENTAGE OF INCOME DEVOTED TO THE LIBRARY 


The Survey has not included in its investigation a study of 
the relation which exists between the entire income of the col- 
leges and universities reporting and the amount of money 
which is spent on the library. An inquiry was recently made 
on this point among sixteen university libraries by Dr. Theo- 
dore W. Koch, librarian of Northwestern University. The 
figures reported to him vary from a minimum of 2.5 per cent. 
to 11.4 per cent., averaging 4.9 per cent. for the sixteen insti- 
tutions. Many of the reports were accompanied by certain 
qualifying comment. One librarian wrote that it is difficult 
to isolate library expenditures from the general disburse- 


Ze COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


ments of the university. Another called attention to the fact 
that certain operations are performed by the library in some 
universities which in others are done by other departments 
or offices, and therefore do not appear in the library’s budget. 
The fact that the range of percentage is so great is apparently 
due largely to the innumerable differences in methods of ad- 
ministration and accounting, some of which are mentioned 
at the beginning of this chapter and in the discussion (pages 
213-30) concerning departmental libraries and the apportion- 
ment of book funds. 


CHAPTER III 


SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL: 
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 


I. APPORTIONMENT AND CONTROL OF BOOK FUNDS 


In college and university libraries the term book fund is 
generally used in a broader sense than in most public libra- 
ries. The book fund of a public library generally covers 
only the purchase of books, and separate items are provided 
in the budget for periodicals and for binding. In the col- 
lege or university library the book fund commonly includes 
books, periodicals, and binding. 


Both the principles and the methods of book selection in 
the college or university library are very largely influenced 
by the system which is followed in regard to apportionment 
and control of the book funds. All funds appropriated for 
the purchase of books may be centralized in one sum, which 
is placed under the control of the general library, or may be 
divided into separate appropriations for the various schools 
or departments. The book funds which are appropriated to 
the general library may be apportioned by it among the dif- 
ferent schools of the university or the departments or sub- 
jects of instruction, or may be held intact by the library, 
and used in the interests of the institution as a whole, with- 
out definite apportionment. Book funds which are assigned 
to schools or departments may be absolutely under the con- 
trol of those schools or departments, or may be spent by the 
library under their advisory direction. 


The methods of handling funds differ so greatly that no 
ja 


214 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


classification can be made, in which every library could be 
placed without some modification. Many libraries are oper- 
ated mainly under a certain policy, but with exceptions 
which make classification difficult. The degree of difference, 
too, between one system and another, depends not only on 
the systems, but on the rigidity with which they are applied; 
on the extent to which “control” is tempered with co- 
operation. The whole question of appropriated book funds 
is often influenced further by two other factors, which can 
not be easily provided for in any classification: the numbe1 
of schools or departments which maintain their own libraries, 
independent of the general university library and therefore 
not included in the general library’s budget; and the amount 
of money available for certain departmental libraries from 
gifts or endowments which are restricted to those depart- 
ments or to certain subjects. In some universities, too, 
books are sometimes purchased by- departments, from 
funds provided them for departmental equipment, without 
reference to the general library, and without the librarian’s 
knowledge. 

From such conditions arises the fact that in some uni- 
versities the librarian has no exact knowledge of the total 
amount of money which is being spent for books in the libra- 
ries of the university. For example, one university says: 
“Many of the departments have laboratory collections in no 
way controlled by the university library. The librarian has 
no record of them.” In general, however, with due allow- 
ance for these variations, practice is divisible into three 
forms, as indicated above. ‘These are discussed in this re- 
port under the following heads: 

“Divided book funds.” This term signifies that specific 
amounts are appropriated as a book fund, by the governing 
board of the college or university, for each of the schools or 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 215 


colleges of the university or for each department of instruc- 
tion of.the college, and that a separate appropriation is made 
to the library, as a general book fund. 

“Centralized book funds, unapportioned.”’ This term 
signifies that all appropriated book funds are assigned to the 
general library, and placed under its control, and are ex- 
pended by it without definite apportionment. 

“Centralized book funds, apportioned.” This term sig- 
nifies that funds are appropriated in the first instance to the 
general library, but are by it subdivided, in whole or in part, 
by specific allotments to (a) schools or colleges, (b) sub- 
jects, or (c) departments of instruction. 

Reports on the apportionment and control of their book 
funds have been received from fifty-four libraries. The 
following summaries of these reports should be read with this 
limitation in mind: that they take into consideration (a) 
only the expenditures for the general university library and 
the school or college or departmental libraries which are under 
its administration (excluding from consideration school or 
departmental collections which are entirely independent of 
the general library in administration); and (b) only the 
funds appropriated for the purchase of books from the un- 
restricted gencral funds of the college or university (exclud- 
ing from consideration all funds which are restricted to a 
particular department or purpose). 

“Divided book funds.”—-A system of divided appro- 
priations for books is in force, mainly or entirely, in the fol- 
lowing libraries: 

At the University of Arkansas each department of in- 
struction has a separate appropriation for maintenance, 
which is used in part as a departmental library fund, to in- 
clude the,purchase of books. These appropriations are en- 
tirely under the control of the departments. 

At Indiana the appropriation for books is made to the 


216 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


library, but about 75 per cent. of the whole amount is ap- 
portioned by the trustees, in making the appropriation, among 
the various departments of instruction. Each department 
head has full control of the selection of books to be purchased 
from his allotment. 

At State College of Washington each department head, in 
his annual budget, requests a specific amount for books, 
periodicals, and binding, and an appropriation is made by the 
regents for these purposés, to be spent by the librarian under 
the direction of the head of the department. These depart- 
mental appropriations constitute about 80 per cent. of the 
entire book funds of the college. “In some cases appropria- 
tions asked for in departmental budgets are spent for labora- 
tory equipment or other purposes, and not for books, periodi- 
cals, or other library material.” 

At the University of Pittsburgh, likewise, a certain amount 
is appropriated to the university library as a book fund, 
solely under the control of the university librarian, but about 
80 per cent. of the entire appropriation for books is appro- 
priated to the college and the various schools of the uni- 
versity, and a definite amount is assigned to each as a library 
fund, under the full control of the dean of the school. Most 
of the deans re-apportion their funds among their heads of 
departments. 

At Johns Hopkins the trustees make an annual library ap- 
propriation to each of the four schools of the university, to be 
spent under the direction of the library committee of the 
school and the librarian, who is a member of each of these 
committees. 

At the University of Chicago the general book fund is al- 
lotted to different departments of instruction. In 1920 this 
plan, which had been in vogue up to that time, was abandoned, 
and the departmental book funds were pooled, with the excep- 
tion of income from certain bequests and gifts and the appro- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 217 


priations for the Law School, the School of Commerce and 
Administration, and the high and elementary schools of the 
Department of Education. The new plan worked well for 
several years, but the increased cost of books and the wiping 
out of balances caused such pressure from the departments 
that it seemed advisable to revert to the former plan of allot- 
ment. Under this plan control is centralized to some extent 
by the creation of a general book fund, from which is de- 
ducted, before apportionment is made, the amount needed 
for periodicals and continuations. In the apportionment, 
however, the general library is considered as a department, 
and receives less than the amount which is allotted to the 
departments of history, English, and education. 

Several other universities perhaps belong partly in this 
group, because of separate appropriations which are made 
to some schools or departments. At the University of Mis- 
souril, for example, special appropriations are made by the 
state legislature for some of the schools of the university, 
supplementing the amount which is allotted them by the 
general library from its funds. At the University of Oregon 
the law library, although under the general library’s admin- 
istration, has its own budget, which includes an appropriation 
for books. In general, however, a system of centralized ap- 
propriations prevails in all of the libraries reporting, with 
exception of the six named above, and with such modifica- 
tions as will appear in the following summaries. 

“Centralized book funds, unapportioned.’—Of the 
forty-eight libraries where all appropriations for books are 
centralized in the general library, the following make no 
definite allotments to schools or departments or subjects: 

At Iowa the item in the annual library budget known as 
the library book fund covers books, periodicals, and binding, 
and is not further subdivided into arbitrary amounts for 
specific departments or subjects. Each department or col- 


218 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


lege may order what it needs until its expenditures, in the 
judgment of the director of libraries, begin to encroach on 
the needs of other departments. The department is then 
notified and the necessity for curtailing or suspending fur- 
ther expenditures for the balance of the fiscal year is pointed 
out. The amount spent for each department or college de- 
pends on its size, on the number of its students, and on its 
needs compared with the needs of other departments. Book- 
order cards, signed by the head of each department or col- 
lege or by a member of the faculty designated by him as 
“library representative,” are rarely questioned unless the 
volumes recommended are already on the campus or are ex- 
tremely expensive, or unless some other reason seems to 
justify a conference regarding the order. The present prac- 
tice was instituted in 1909 at the specific request of the library 
board of the university’ senate, after experience with the 
“specific apportionment” plan. 

At Nebraska there is no departmental division of the book 
fund except in the librarian’s mind. Apportionment is left 
to the librarian, and the policy has been to make no specific 
allotments. “We have found that in this way it is possible 
to make more valuable additions to the library than if specific 
allotments were made. The library has been greatly strength- 
ened by rotating a large expenditure among the various 
departments in successive years.” 

At the University of Oregon no definite apportionment 
is made, except for the law library, which has its own budget. 
The departments are told, if they inquire, approximately 
what they can count on during the year, but the arrange- 
ment is sufficiently elastic to permit the use of funds wher- 
ever they are most needed. “Generally speaking, each de- 
partment head may ask for anything he wants. If funds are 
available, requests are not vetoed by the librarian or the 
library committee, although the department head is some- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 219 


times questioned as to the need for certain books. We try 
to get all of the inexpensive items that any department 
wants; with expensive items it is necessary to make selec- 
tions each year.” 

At Princeton each department is allowed to submit orders 
up to a certain low maximum and have them filled without 
question. If a department wants to buy extensively on a 
particular subject, or needs a specific amount for a definite 
purpose, it applies to the librarian or to the library com- 
mittee, and a grant is made for this purpose. “A large pro- 
portion of our individual orders are on recommendation of 
the professors, and we constantly consult faculty members 
in regard to other purchases.”’ 

At Yale the system of appropriating might be classed 
under “divided book funds,” since all of the schools and 
some of the departments have annual appropriations for 
their own libraries, as part of their budgets. The purchases 
for these libraries, however, are usually under the control of 
the school or department concerned. The university libra- 
rian is head of all book collections, and is frequently con- 
sulted in regard to purchases, but his relation to these libra- 
ries is mainly advisory. Since this report excludes from con- 
sideration libraries which are primarily independent in ad- 
ministration, Yale is here classed under “centralized book 
funds,’ because the general library’s appropriations are in 
no way under the control of schools or departments, and no 
apportionment of these funds is made. The determination 
of the manner of expenditure of the general library’s book 
appropriation is entirely in the hands of the librarian and the 
library committee. “Of course we welcome recommenda- 
tions from the faculty and the students, either individually or 
by groups, but the control remains in our own hands. Per- 
haps three-fourths of the books are selected by the staff of 
the library, and one-fourth by faculty members.” 


220 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


Bates College, Clark University, Radcliffe, and Vassar, 
also make no apportionment of their appropriated book funds. 

At Harvard, as at Yale, the system might be classed as 
either divided or centralized. At Harvard there is now no 
system of definite apportionment in the college. The uni- 
versity appropriates nothing from its free income for the 
purchase of books for the library of Harvard College, whica 
has the use of many different funds which have been given 
to the university explicitly for this purpose. Some of the 
special libraries of the university which have no income of 
their own depend on special appropriations given them by 
the university. Books of these libraries, especially the small- 
er libraries, are in most cases purchased and cataloged 
through the central library, and that library, when necessary, 
exercises some supervision over the collections, but does not 
use any of its own income for the purchase of the books. 
Some of the larger departmental libraries also have special 
appropriations from the funds of the school or college to 
which they belong. In the expenditure of the income which 
belongs specifically to the college library, for many years ap- 
portionment was made among the different departments of 
instruction in the college. In theory, this is still done, but 
no new apportionment has been made for several years, and 
the old assignments are now used merely as a general basis 
for expenditures, without being closely followed in detail. 

“Centralized book funds, apportioned.” —The remain- 
ing libraries (38 out of 54) make more or less definite ap- 
portionment of some part of their general book funds, either 
to schools or colleges, to subjects, or to departments of in- 
struction. The percentage of the entire book fund which 1s 
thus distributed varies from 30 to 80, but comparisons on this 
point are of uncertain significance, as the amount which 1s 
included in the apportionment may be partly determined by 
the amount available for specific purposes from restricted 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 221 


funds, and also by the practice in regard to periodical sub- 
scriptions. In most of the libraries reporting, periodicals and 
continuations, sets, binding, and other general expenses, are 
paid for from a general fund which is set aside for this 
purpose before apportionment is made, but in a few libra- 
ries all such purchases which belong particularly to any one 
department are charged to that department’s allotment. At 
the University of Washington new subscriptions to periodi- 
cals are charged to the departments which requested them, for 
the first three years of the subscription, after which, if they 
are approved by the library committee, they are charged to 
the general library funds. At Illinois, likewise, departments 
are permitted to subscribe for whatever periodicals they wish 
to out of their own library allotments; if a department car- 
ries a subscription for three years the subscription is then 
automatically transferred to the general periodical subscrip- 
tion list, and is no longer charged to the departmental allot- 
ment. If a department purchases a complete set or an ex- 
tensive run of a journal, the general library automatically 
takes over the cost of the subscription, on the general 
periodical fund, and keeps the file of the journal up to date. 

The most usual forms of practice in regard to apportion- 
ment are illustrated, with many variations, by the following 
summaries. In some libraries, it will be seen, as at the uni- 
versities of California and of Washington (pages 224, 226),a 
definitely outlined plan of apportionment is presented in de- 
tail for the information of all who are concerned, whereas 
in others the details of the apportionment are less clearly de- 
fined or announced. A similar difference is seen in regard 
to the rigidity with which the allotments are made. This is 
illustrated by the reports from California (page 226), Michi- 
gan (page 222), and Pennsylvania (page 228), representing 
a system of definite allotments on a basis of units or shares, 
and the reports from Lehigh (page 227) and Minnesota (page 


222 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


227), representing more flexible apportionment. In general, 
the allotments are rather definite assignments, subject to 
reversion to the general book funds of the library only if not 
spent by the departments before a certain date.. The date of 
reversion is sometimes thirty days before the close of the 
fiscal year, sometimes sixty days, and sometimes longer. 

Apportionment to schools and colleges.—At the Uni- 
versity of Illinois a general fund is assigned by the committee 
on apportionment of library funds, on recommendation of 
the library committee of the university senate, to cover the 
needs of the general library and the various schools, colleges, 
and departments which that library serves. For several 
years the allotments for the general library have averaged 
about 53 per cent. of the entire amount appropriated for 
books, periodicals, and binding; the allotments to schools and 
colleges about 27 per cent.; and “special assignments” for 
specific current needs about 20 per cent. The assignment 
for the general library includes fixed amounts for general 
books and reference books, general continuations, most 
periodicals, sets, binding, duplicates for general reading, and 
a reserve or emergency fund. The appropriations for some 
of the schools and colleges are further divided by specific 
departments of instruction. Occasionally allotments are 
made for specific subjects, but these are classed as “special 
assignments,’ and are not repeated from year to year. “Each 
department has full control of the funds allotted to it, ex- 
cept that the librarian is charged with the duty of such gen- 
eral supervision as may be needed to avoid unnecessary dupli- 
cation, and if any department should adopt an unusual plan 
of selection it might be the librarian’s duty to bring the mat- 
ter before the library committee.” 

At Michigan the university library’s budget carries separate 
book funds which have been appropriated for all the 
various colleges whose libraries are under the direction of 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL es 


the general library. Each college has a library committee, 
which re-apportions its book funds according to its own 
method of procedure. In the College of Literature, Science, 
and the Arts, where departments are most numerous and 
the appropriation is largest, the committee appropriates a lit- 
tle more than one-third of its fund for the binding of periodi- 
cals and for the purchase of books in certain subjects that 
are not covered by any department of instruction; slightly 
more than one-third is appropriated to the several depart- 
ments; and the remainder is reserved for special purchases 
or for special appropriations which may be made as needs 
may arise or as good opportunities may be offered. A libra- 
rian’s fund is also reserved, to be spent for general purposes 
at the discretion of the librarian. The departmental allot- 
ments are made on a basis of units of $400 each. 

The University of Missouri receives from the General As- 
sembly of the state an appropriation for the general library 
and ior each of the departmental libraries with the excep- 
tion of the College of Arts, and Business and Public Admin- 
istration. ‘The money appropriated by the state for the 
general library, usually supplemented by an appropriation 
made by the board of curators, makes a fund for the general 
library, a part of which is apportioned to the professors in 
the College of Arts and Business and Public Administration. 

At Northwestern a definite amount is apportioned to the 
book funds of the College of Liberal Arts and of the various 
professional schools, but in the college no apportionments 
are made either by departments or by subjects. The dis- 
tribution of the money is left in the hands of the librarian, 
and it is thought that the best results are obtained by thus 
pooling the funds. 

At Oklahoma the book funds are apportioned to schools 
and to departments, after setting aside from 15 to 20 per 
cent. of the entire amount as a general library book fund. 


224 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


There is a tendency at this time to increase the amount re- 
served in this general fund. 

At Pennsylvania State College and at the University of 
South Dakota a definite sum is allotted to the dean of each 
school, which he re-apportions among the departments of the 
school. 

At the University of Washington a “departmental fund” 
is established, which is distributed by the president of the 
university among the various colleges and schools. The 
amount thus assigned to each college or school is divided by 
the dean among its departments. In determining the amount 
of this “departmental fund” a sliding scale is followed. If 
the whole appropriated book fund is between $20,000 and 
$25,000, 33 per cent. of it is placed in the departmental fund; 
25 per cent. if the whole fund is between $25,000 and 
$35,000; 20 per cent. if the whole amount is more than 
$35,000. The departmental allotments are used for the pur- 
chase of inexpensive books for current use, and for new 
subscriptions, of less than three years’ standing, to current 
periodicals. The unapportioned funds cover all binding; 
all continuations, whether departmental or general; all cur- 
rent periodicals which have been approved by the library 
committee ; books which are constantly needed in the general 
library but are not provided by any departmental purchase; 
books which are needed in some research investigation; all 
long runs of periodicals, proceedings, and transactions of 
learned societies; and all expensive bibliographic aids that 
are needed by any department or by the general library. 

Apportionment to subjects of instruction—At Colum- 
bia the allotments are made to definite subjects of instruction, 
corresponding closely, but not entirely, to the departments. 
Thus the allotment for English covers the English collections 
of the library as a whole, but another allotment is made to 
cover the needs of the graduate English room. 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 225 


At Cornell, also, the book funds of the general library are 
allotted to subjects, rather than to departments, on the prin- 
ciple of recognizing all subjects which are covered in the 
curriculum, and a few others, by appropriations sufficient to 
provide at least the most important current literature of each 
subject. To provide for weak or neglected departments of 
the library, a reserve fund is set aside, to be assigned by the 
library council in supplemental grants to departments as 
needs arise. Fixed amounts are set aside also for a general 
periodical fund, the completion of sets, binding, a “discre- 
tionary fund,” general reference, and bibliography. The 
money remaining in the unrestricted funds is then divided 
among more than fifty subjects, several of which are sub- 
divided by separate allotments ; for example, the total appro- 
priation for history includes separate allotments for eight 
different divisions of history. 

Apportionment to departments of instruction.—In 
twenty-eight of the fifty-four libraries included in these sum- 
maries, an apportionment of the unrestricted book funds is 
made to the departments of instruction. Among these, 
various conditions and methods are illustrated by the follow- 
ing reports, representing various degrees of what one libra- 
rian calls “complete advisory control’ on the part of the 
faculty, and the natural division of responsibility between the 
librarian and the specialists of the faculty. 

At Amherst definite amounts are set aside for general 
periodicals, for binding, and for a fund to be used by the 
librarian for general reference books. In a few cases, 
where departments and subjects of instruction do not coin- 
cide, appropriations are made for certain subjects. Thus a 
small appropriation is made to the subject public speaking, 
in addition to the allotment for the English department ; sep- 
arate allotments are made for French, Italian, and Spanish, 
instead of one combined appropriation to the department of 


226 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


romance languages. “Nearly all books are bought on recom- 
mendations of faculty members, but a general fund in the 
hands of the librarian is spent at his discretion. The money 
allotted to each department is spent by the members of the 
department as they please. The library committee has full 
authority to supervise and to check purchasing, but this au- 
thority is almost never exercised.” 

At Brown the apportionment covers about 37 per cent. of 
the unrestricted funds. The unapportioned general fund is 
allotted for the purchase of periodicals, continuations, bind- 
ing, supplies, contingencies, and reference works. The al- 
lotments are made, theoretically, by subjects, but are admin- 
istered by the departments. “We do not consider the de- 
partment head as having full control of the funds, but con- 
sider him rather as an advisory specialist, who generally 
recommends to the full. The librarian or the library com- 
mittee may purchase books in any department’s subject or 
from its allotment. This is in line with the policy of the 
university, which regards every book purchased as belonging 
to the entire university, and not to a single department, and 
as under the care and direction of the library committee 
through the librarian.” 

At California about 50 per cent. of the funds available 
for apportionment is divided among the departments by the 
library committee of the university senate, after setting aside 
the amounts needed for current periodicals and sets, for 
works of general interest, for a librarian’s fund, and for 
such special grants as may seem desirable. The apportion- 
ment is made on a basis of units. Each department is allot- 
ted a certain number of units, in accordance with the relative 
needs of all departments, and the whole amount available 
for distribution is divided by the number of units assigned, 
thus setting the value of the unit for the year. The budget 
for 1924-25 included 321 units, of $44.86 each, divided 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 22/7 


among 41 departments in amounts varying from one unit to 
twenty-five. In a few cases a departmental allotment in- 
cludes a fixed number of units for specified subjects or di- 
visions of the department. 

Lehigh, in its first year of re-organization, has endeavored 
to make a rather flexible apportionment. Of the amount 
which was set aside for departmental use, from 1 to 10 per 
cent. was tentatively assigned to each department. No de- 
partment, however, was told that it had a certain fixed al- 
lowance, but each was told that it might have approximately 
a certain amount. 

At Maine about 40 per cent. of the amount available for 
books, periodicals, and binding is apportioned among the de- 
partments to be spent for books. About 8 per cent. of the 
total amount is set aside as a reserve fund, under the libra- 
rian’s control. This may be used for the purchase of 
duplicates needed for assigned class reading, and of books 
needed by faculty members which are not included in de- 
partmental orders. 

At Minnesota a rough, tentative apportionment is made 
at the beginning of each fiscal year. Certain amounts are set 
aside for fixed charges, including binding, periodical sub- 
scriptions, continuations, sets, general book purchases by the 
university librarian, transportation, Library of Congress 
cards, and miscellaneous items. The remainder is roughly 
divided into two approximately equal parts, one of which ts 
apportioned among the departments to cover their needs 
during the first half of the year. At the end of the half 
year another apportionment is made, in which the allotments 
may be either increased or decreased, usually pro rata, ac- 
cording to the state of the funds at that time. “No college 
or department is encouraged to think that it can demand a 
fixed amount for its own purchases. Within certain fairly 
definite limitations each department head has control of the 


228 CoLLeEcE LIBRARIES 


funds apportioned to his department or subject. The library 
asks each dean or head of an important department to desig- 
nate some member of his staff as library representative. All 
orders signed by him are passed without question unless they 
involve subscriptions to current periodicals, for all of which 
the approval of the library committee is required, or exces- 
sive prices, undue duplication, or other purchases which the 
library committee or the university librarian considers ques- 
tionable. These departmental allotments are not expected 
to cover expensive sets or expensive single items of un- 
questioned value. These, as well as many books and sets of 
interdepartmental value, are often charged, at the discretion 
of the university librarian, against general funds rather than 
against departmental allotments. The chief purpose of the 
general fund is to supply means of providing material which 
could not be easily handled through fixed allotments, because 
of their price or of the uncertainty of their appearing at times 
when departmental funds would be available.” 

At the University of Pennsylvania nearly two-thirds of 
the unrestricted book funds are specifically allotted for the 
purchase by the librarian of periodicals, reference books and 
current literature, duplicates, auction purchases, and Frank- 
liniana. The remainder is apportioned among the depart- 
ments in shares of $200 each. The allotment of shares is 
made by the librarian from his experience of the needs of 
each department. Many departments have an income from 
endowments, and this makes it unnecessary for some depart- 
ments to share in the “departmental” book fund. Most of 
the departments, however, receive one share, and a few re- 
ceive two. The librarian selects the books to be bought from 
the general book funds, part of which comes from endow- 
ments and part from annual appropriations. A designated 
member of each department recommends books to be bought 
by the librarian from the department’s funds. At the be- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 229 


ginning of the last quarter of each fiscal year, unexpended 
balances of the “departmental shares” are pooled, and shortly 
before the close of the year all unexpended departmental 
book funds become available to the librarian for the general 
book needs of the library. 

At Stanford University about 54 per cent. of the general 
book fund is allotted to the departments, and the remainder is 
reserved for periodical subscriptions, binding, and general 
purchases. Each department is authorized to “nominate” pur- 
chases up to the limit of its allotment, but the allotments are 
not considered as appropriations in a strict sense of the term. 

As is indicated by these reports, the most usual method of 
securing faculty approval of books that are recommended for 
purchase from departmental funds is to have all orders ap- 
proved by the head of the department concerned, or by some 
other official representative of the department. In some 
colleges the method of procedure is left to the pleasure of 
the head of each department. At Bryn Mawr, after the 
cost of periodicals and of binding is deducted from each de- 
partment’s allotment, the remainder is equally divided among 
the members of the department, and each member is at 
liberty to spend his own share as he pleases. At Wellesley, 
likewise, each department divides its allotment among its 
members, but in some departments all orders must be ap- 
proved by the head. At Michigan orders of some depart- 
ments are approved by the head of the department, but most 
of the departments require approval by a committee. At 
Northwestern, in some departments several members of 
the teaching staff may sign orders; in others the head of the 
department retains this privilege in his own hands. At Stan- 
ford one department divides its funds among its members, 
each of whom may submit his orders directly to the librarian ; 
in other departments all orders must have the approval of 
the department head or are acted on in staff meetings. 


230 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


II. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF BOOK SELECTION 


Book purchases for the college or university library may 
be grouped in two classes, departmental and general: includ- 
ing under departmental purchases books relating specifically 
to the various subjects of instruction and research which 
are represented in the different departments; and under 
general purchases works of a more general character, which 
belong particularly and logically to no one department’s field. 
“Works of general interest” are defined, for example, at 
California, as “important works in fields that lie outside any 
department of instruction; works of interest to the general 
reader ; and books on subjects in which instruction is offered 
by several departments.”’ Dartmouth says: “The members 
of the faculty are expected to cover their respective fields. 
The librarian tries to cover fields of general interest, such as 
travel and popular fiction, to fill inter-departmental gaps, to 
watch for passing opportunities, and to initiate action in 
fields not related to any current departmental work.” At the 
University of Oregon “books coming within the scope of 
any department are ordered on recommendation of the head 
of the department; books of general interest are recom- 
mended, for the librarian’s approval, by the circulation 
librarian, the reference librarian, and the head of the order 
department of the library.” In like manner, at North Caro- 
lina College for Women “the librarian chooses most of the 
general books, fiction, biography, travel, and many of the 
new books in all fields; faculty members choose titles 
especially needed for class work, collateral reading, and 
scientific and technical works.” 


Many libraries report that the librarian or the library com- 
mittee is the final authority in book selection in all cases of 
doubtful purchases, and a few state that all orders are for- 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL Zot 


mally submitted to the librarian or to the library committee for 
approval. Nearly all, however, so qualify their statements 
that in most cases, it appears, the vesting of this authority 
in the library is largely for the purpose of preventing unnec- 
essary duplication and the expenditure of a disproportionate 
amount on any department or subject; also to ensure the 
systematic development of the whole library by the wise 
selection and purchase of important works which are not re- 
quested by any department. The summaries given in the 
preceding section indicate that, in most of the libraries re- 
porting, practically complete control of departmental allot- 
ments is vested in the departments, subject to such centraliz- 
ing supervision on the part of the library as may be neces- 
sary. The reports indicate also that the expert judgment 
of the faculty is utilized in most of the libraries where no ap- 
portionment of funds is made, no less than in those where 
each department is given a definite allotment. 

As the advice of faculty members may often be requested 
concerning purchases of a general nature, so the orders for 
many “departmental” purchases may originate with the 
librarian or some member of the library staff. The Uni- 
versity of lowa uses the following form notice for calling to 
the attention of faculty members new books which may not 
otherwise have come to their notice: “We attach some book 
circulars that may interest you. If you wish any of the 
items purchased please fill out a library book order card 
for each item desired and send through the usual channels 
for ordering books for your department, keeping the circular 
attached until the card reaches the library’s order de- 
partment.” 

Many libraries report that faculty members or others who 
recommend books are notified of their receipt, and most of 
the others send such notices if they have been requested, or 
in special cases. In most of the libraries reporting books 


232 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


will be reserved for the persons who recommended them if 
request is made that this be done, and some state that they 
are reserved even without specific request. In a few libra- 
ries this privilege is extended only to faculty members or 
in special cases. Blank notification forms are provided in 
some libraries for such purposes. California has a form for 
notification of the receipt of a book, which the reader may 
fill out when filing the request. Bryn Mawr sends a notice 
that “the following books; requested by you, have been re- 
ceived and may be inspected Friday morning at 11 o'clock 
in the New Book Room.” Arkansas has a printed form: 
“The following books of possible interest to you or your de- 
partment have been recently added to the general library.” 
The University of North Carolina and South Dakota State 
College mail to faculty members and others, every week or 
ten days, a mimeographed list of recent additions. 

Temporary cataloging of new accessions.—Several 
college and university libraries and a few public libraries 
make temporary catalog cards for new books, either when 
the books are ordered or when they are received. These 
cards are filed either in the official catalog, for the informa- 
tion of the staff, or in the public catalog, so that anyone con- 
sulting this will automatically learn that the books have been 
ordered, or have been received and are in process of 
cataloging. The chief difficulty reported in connection with 
temporary cards for new accessions is the possibility that the 
temporary cards may not be withdrawn when the permanent 
cards are filed, if the permanent author entry differs from 
the form which was used on the temporary card. 

On the operation of this plan the reports received, both 
from college and university libraries and from public libra- 
ries, are as follows: 

Amherst College: “Temporary cards are placed in the 
catalog after the receipt of a book, pending the arrival of the 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 233 


Library of Congress card. There is, of course, a possibility 
that our entry may not be correct, hence there may be some 
slight danger of the temporary card not being found when 
the printed card comes. This seems, however, to be practi- 
cally negligible when weighed against the advantage of hav- 
ing the catalog indicate in some way all the books in the 
collection. The difficulty over entry seems to be confined 
pretty largely to books by a compiler and to books issued 
by a society or an institution. In our library there has been 
very little trouble.” 


University of Chicago: “Order cards for books received 
are filed in the official catalog, an effort being made, when 
necessary, to change the entry on the order card to corre- 
spond with the entry on the catalog card. The order cards 
are usually filed some time before the catalog cards. Tem- 
porary cards are filed in the public catalog in cases where 
permanent cards will be considerably delayed. These are 
for books for which printed cards are ordered from the 
John Crerar Library, or for which we print cards, or for 
United States copyrighted books for which Library of Con- 
gress cards are not yet available. Only in the latter case is 
there any uncertainty as to heading. A duplicate file of tem- 
porary cards for which Library of Congress cards will be 
substituted is kept in the catalog department. As new 
Library of Congress cards for the depository catalog are 
received they are checked with this file, and a difference in 
heading is usually found without difficulty. If cards have 
been in the temporary file too long a systematic search is 
made in the depository catalog under other possible head- 
ings. If there is a difference in heading, the temporary card 
in the public catalog, agreeing with the catalog department 
file, is easily located.”’ 


Grinnell College: “The plan has many disadvantages. 


234 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


We have found no way of making sure that all new books 
are entered, or that all cards are withdrawn when the perma- 
nent cards are filed. The person filing knows that there 
should be an author card in the catalog for every book, so 
searches for it if it is not in the proper place. Our duplicate 
order card is used for the temporary card, so the form of 
entry can be found by consulting the order file. This, how- 
ever, does not do away with all mistakes.” 

John Crerar Library: “The duplicate order slip is filed in 
the official catalog. No order is mailed until this slip is in 
place, so that duplication of orders is very rare. Cross ref- 
erences are made to the orders from any other form of entry 
which seems likely to be used; for example, where the author 
is an official of a society we refer from that society. When 
books are received, if they are then found to have different 
authors from those under which they were ordered such 
references are made at once. The temporary cards are blue, 
and the rule is that a blue card shall be withdrawn for every 
printed author card filed, so that this point is automatically 
cared tory 

University of Michigan: “Formerly the order cards were 
filed in the official catalog, but the difficulty of determining 
the correct entry from a publisher’s list or a dealer’s catalog 
caused this practice to be discontinued. Now, when a book 
is ‘cleared’ by the order department it is passed on to the 
catalog department, where a temporary slip is made, giving 
the exact entry, title, date of publication, and call number. 
This slip is filed in the supplement to the official catalog. If 
printed cards have been received the slip is automatically can- 
celled when these cards are typed and filed. If printed cards 
are not obtainable, the temporary slip is stamped ‘cataloging 
incomplete’ when it is first filed. When the cataloger has 
prepared the copy for the permanent cards the slip is 
stamped ‘cataloging complete,’ and is transferred to the main 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 235 


body of the official catalog. Here it is automatically can- 
celled when the permanent cards are filed.” 

University of Minnesota: “Temporary cards are filed in 
the public catalog for some books. These are usually either 
‘rush’ books or delayed books which are held for cataloging 
later. At one time the duplicate order slips were filed in the 
public catalog, but that practice was discontinued. The in- 
formation given was too brief, and often the slips were left 
in after the catalog cards were filed. Slips for books ordered 
but never received sometimes remained in the catalog for 
years. Most people, too, failed to notice whether the slip 
indicated that the book had merely been ordered, or had been 
received. Filing these slips, and stamping the date when 
received (which was not always done), took much time, and 
the disadvantages outweighed the advantages of having a 
record of orders in the catalog. Combining the incomplete 
entries on order slips, as taken from second-hand catalogs 
and other sources, with the fuller catalog entries, did not 
seem to us a success in a large catalog.” 

Newberry Library: “When a book is received the order 
card is removed from the file and is filed in the official cata- 
log, to be replaced later by the permanent catalog card. The 
order card frequently does not list the author’s name in correct 
form, and to correct any difficulties that might arise one of 
the catalogers looks over each batch of order cards and makes 
necessary corrections before they are filed, temporarily, in the 
official catalog. Occasionally an incorrect card does get 
into the catalog and is not found until we happen to stumble 
on it, but this does not happen very often, and on the whole 
we consider that the plan works well.” 

Princeton University: “A duplicate of the order slip is 
filed in the public catalog, and is dated on receipt of the 
book. We use these temporary slips, not only for orders, 

but also for books received by gift and exchange. We find 


236 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


the system very useful: first, from the standpoint of the 
order department, as they are required to look only in one 
place to ascertain whether a book is in the library or on 
order; second, from the standpoint of the reader, who can 
see for himself the present and prospective resources of the 
library ; and third, as a check on both the acquisitions depart- 
ment and the cataloging department, whereby work improp- 
erly followed up is certain to come to light. We have no 
material difficulty owing-to the presence in the catalog of 
slips representing orders for books which have been received 
and cataloged. At least 95 per cent. of the slips come out 
automatically. A few, of course, can be found only after 
some search. A still smaller number remain until they are 
removed by a search from the other end. As all slips are 
dated with the date of order and the date of receipt, any 
slip over a year old has the evidence against it, and is ordi- 
narily pulled out when found, and investigated. When the 
arrears of cataloging are considerable, the total number of 
slips which are filed is rather large. Whenever a book repre- 
sented by one of these slips is called for, we give it prece- 
dence in the cataloging room.” 

Sacramento Public Library files a manila card in the cata- 
log when a book is ordered, giving the author, title, publisher, 
date of publication, and date of order. The cataloger goes 
over the catalog periodically to look for manila cards that 
have been left in for a long time. “Our chief difficulty in 
this connection is with the temporary cards for orders that 
are never filled.” 

Vassar College: ‘““When a book is received, its card is taken 
from the ‘outstanding orders’ file, corrected, if need be, by 
the book, stamped with the date of receipt, and transferred 
to the public catalog. For gifts, the temporary card is made 
from the title-page of the book, stamped with date of re- 
ceipt, and filed at once in the public catalog. The first thing 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 237 


the cataloger does in cataloging a book is to find its temporary 
card in the catalog. With the book in hand, this is a simple 
matter. If the card has not the proper heading, this is filled 
in with pencil and the card is transferred to the proper place. 
When the permanent main entry card is filed, the temporary 
card is removed. The time spent in correcting temporary 
cards is not wasted, for the form used on these cards is often 
helpful in making cross-reference or added entry cards. We 
also find it worth while to pencil the call number, after it is 
assigned, on the temporary card, as the permanent catalog 
cards are sometimes not finished and filed for some time after 
the book is on the shelves.” 

Duplication.—Occasional attempts have been made to 
establish a definite basis for determining the number of 
copies needed to meet the demand for books reserved by in- 
structors for undergraduate reading. (See Library Journal 
40: 310 and 42: 356-58.) Few libraries, however, report a 
definite rule on this point. Several libraries ordinarily do 
not buy more than one copy of a book for every ten students 
in the course; among these are Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, 
and Princeton. For large classes this may mean, in some 
libraries, as many as forty or fifty copies of a single book. 
Washington University buys one copy for every ten students 
in large courses and one for every five in small courses. 
Arizona buys one copy for every ten or fifteen students, Uni- 
versity of Colorado one copy for every fifteen, and Brown 
one copy for every twenty students. Bryn Mawr some- 
times duplicates to the extent of sixteen copies if necessary. 
At Indiana not more than three copies are bought except by 
action of the board of trustees. 

At the University of Maine about 8 per cent. of the total 
book fund is set aside as a reserve fund (see page 227), which 
is used in part for the purchase of books assigned for class 
reading. At California there is a special appropriation for 


238 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


the purchase of duplicates, called the reserved book fund, 
and not more than two copies of a book are bought from the 
library’s general book funds. There is no fixed limit to the 
extent of duplication from the reserved fund, but it is an 
accepted policy not to exceed one copy for every ten stu- 
dents. Departments may order as they please for their own 
libraries from their departmental budgets or from _ other 
funds at their disposal. The general library acts as pur- 
chasing agent, but general library funds may not be used for 
the purchase or binding of books for department libraries. 

In several institutions duplicates for required reading are 
purchased from the current expense or equipment funds of 
the departments which request them. At Michigan a rule 
of the board of regents provides that duplicates, beyond two 
copies, shall be bought “from special grants made to the 
various departments for administrative needs, being regarded 
as necessary equipment just as much as is laboratory ap- 
paratus.” At the University of Washington duplicates for 
reserved use are not bought from library funds, but from a 
special fund, and do not become a part of the general libra- 
ry’s collection. 

A few institutions, including Colby College, and the Uni- 
versity of Oregon, charge a fee in certain courses for the pur- 
chase of duplicates. At Oregon, for example, the School of 
Business Administration has a reserve collection, which is 
administered as a part of the reserve system of the library. 
Books are purchased from fees paid by students in the school. 
These are available for use in the building under the same 
conditions as books in other reserve libraries of the uni- 
versity. The policy at Oregon is not to buy any duplicates 
for reserve from state funds; all are bought from depart- 
mental laboratory, syllabus, or library fees. At the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania students in some classes are assessed 
a small amount for a “lecture note fund,” which is used for 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 239 


mimeographing extracts, for purchasing duplicate copies of 
books for the library, etc. There is also a “duplicate fund” 
in the annual book budget, for the purchase of “special refer- 
ence” and “reading list” books. Heavy fines are collected on 
overdue books of this nature, and this fine money is largely 
spent for additional copies. 

At Mount Holyoke students taking required courses in 
certain departments contribute 50 or 75 cents each for the 
purchase of duplicates, and small working libraries have been 
placed in the residence halls. At Bryn Mawr, also, collec- 
tions are maintained in the residence halls, consisting almost 
entirely of duplicates for undergraduate required reading, 
purchased from a duplicate book fund which is appropriated 
by the college for the purchase of duplicates. The books, 
however, are so varied in subject matter and of such broad 
interest that they form small collections of representative 
books for general reading, as well as working libraries. Each 
hall has approximately 500 volumes, shelved in a pleasant 
room which is furnished as a private library and sitting room, 
with an open fire in the winter. The students may use the 
books in this room, or may take them to their own rooms by 
registering the titles of the books and the time when taken on 
a registration sheet, which is posted on the bulletin board. A 
graduate fellow is in charge of each hall, who is responsible 
for the enforcement of the rules. The libraries are put in 
order once a week by members of the regular staff of the 
library. 

Somewhat similar to these residence libraries is the 
woman’s branch library of Ohio Wesleyan University. This 
was formerly the library of a woman’s college which was 
consolidated with the university in 1867. Consequently many 
of the older volumes are of a general character, and are 
duplicates of books contained in the central library. The li- 
brary is now used mainly as a library for study and required 


240 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


reading, and most of the new additions are duplicates of the 
collateral reading or reserve books, placed there for the 
convenience of the students. A librarian is in charge of the 
study room, and the books are available for use every after- 
noon and evening and on Saturday mornings. 
Gifts—Although gifts of books and other material are 
always invited, and special effort is sometimes made to se- 
cure individual gifts of value, few of the college or uni- 
versity libraries report any persistent solicitation through in- 
discriminate appeals. The annual reports of the librarians 
very frequently, if not invariably, testify to the important 
part which gifts may have in the growth and enrichment of 
the library, but these gifts are not the result of intensive 
campaigning such as is carried on by many public libraries. 
Occasional solicitation is reported by Colby, Cornell Col- 
lege, Mount Holyoke, and State College of Washington. 
Oregon Agricultural College solicits periodicals, for debate 
material or for exchange, in a news-letter which is sent 
regularly to the faculty. Bryn Mawr has made special ap- 
peals to the alumnae, at meetings and through notices in- 
serted in the Alumnae Bulletin. These appeals are reported 
to have produced good results, and a greater realization 
among the alumnae of the library’s needs. The University 
of Pennsylvania reports that in the response to appeals which 
have sometimes been made on suitable occasions, “garret 
clearances predominated,” but that “much good, as well as 
much rubbish, comes out of garrets. We gladly receive nine- 
teen gifts of negligible value for the sake of getting the 
twentieth, which makes it distinctly worth while to handle 
all the others. We feel free to exchange, sometimes for 
money, anything we cannot use.” Brown makes annual 
solicitation among the members of the faculty, sending out 
in May of each year a mimeographed letter, asking for bib- 
liographical data concerning all books, pamphlets, and articles 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 241 


which they have published, and also requesting a copy of 
each published item for the university library. Many others 
report that they more or less regularly solicit from the 
faculty members, and occasionally from graduates, copies 
of their own publications. 

Solicitation for periodical and pamphlet material is ap- 
parently more restricted in scope among the college and uni- 
versity libraries than among public libraries, being more 
closely confined, in general, to material which is definitely 
needed to complete some file or to meet some particular need. 
“We are too busy to shoot many arrows into the air,” says 
one university librarian. The University of North Carolina 
reports that one-half of the pamphlets and periodicals in the 
special collection of North Carolina material, has been ob- 
tained by solicitation. 

Brown University has a rule, “Before accepting gifts, the 
library committee shall give due consideration to the cost of 
cataloging and shelving.” In ordinary cases the librarian de- 
cides on the acceptance of gifts, and only the more extensive 
gifts are passed upon by the committee. This rule makes 
unusually open recognition of a point the importance of 
which has been estimated more definitely as follows: “To 
justify a place [in the library] a book must be worth a perma- 
nent capital expense of a dollar for its housing, and the 
investment of at least another dollar for the necessary records 
of its acquisition and cataloging, in addition to the cost of 
the book itself” (Library Journal 50:67). Although many 
books may be accepted as gifts which would not be purchased, 
either because of their cost or because other titles might be 
preferred, most libraries apparently endeavor not to accept 
gifts which will not have some value as a part of their col- 
lections, and which are not reasonably in accord with the 
general scope of their collections and their standards of selec- 
tion. Ordinarily it is assumed that the donor understands 


242 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


that gifts are accepted, unless stipulation is made to the con- 
trary, with the privilege of keeping only such material as is 
considered desirable, and notice that this privilege is reserved 
is given only when circumstances seem to require it. A few, 
however, state that such notice is always given. 

Duplicates, and other material which is not needed, whether 
acquired by gift or otherwise, are disposed of in various 
ways: by sale or by gift as waste paper, if of no value as 
books; by exchange to other libraries; by gift to small libra- 
ries or to charitable or other institutions ; or by sale to second- 
hand dealers. In several libraries duplicates are sometimes 
sold to members of the faculty or to students. Hamilton 
College operates a second-hand book shop in a spare corner 
of one of the library rooms, in which some of the duplicates 
are sold to people who use the library, principally students 
and faculty members. The price is plainly marked in each 
book, and the honor system makes it unnecessary to have the 
books under supervision. Thus the books are sold with 
practically no expense, and the receipts the first year were 
about $375. All money received from the sale of books is 
used to buy books for the library. 

Gifts are usually acknowledged by a form letter or postal 
or by a personal letter, according to the importance of the 
eift. A few libraries, including Brown, Bryn Mawr, Dart- 
mouth, and Northwestern, do not ordinarily acknowledge 
pamphlet material and other gifts which come in a routine 
way from other institutions. Hamilton College and State 
College of Washington send acknowledgments annually for 
certain serial publications and other material which comes to 
them on a regular mailing list. 

Most of the libraries reporting state that they are usually 
inclined to reject gifts which are offered them with conditions 
attached, but a few, including the universities of Chicago, 
Iowa, and Oregon, and Washington University, report that 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 243 


they have sometimes accepted conditional gifts if they seemed 
of sufficient importance. One university reports a gift col- 
lection of about 3,500 volumes, which must be kept together 
and must not be allowed to circulate. ‘‘Without this con- 
dition the books would be much more useful, but even with 
the limitation imposed this particular collection is considered 
an asset and not an encumbrance.” The University of Michi- 
gan ordinarily tries to have unsatisfactory conditions changed 
by the donor, and when this has been impossible has some- 
times declined to accept a gift. In like manner, books and 
other material that are offered “on deposit” are generally re- 
garded unfavorably. One university, as well as two public 
libraries, reports having had reason to regret the acceptance 
of a deposit. Several, including Amherst and Missouri, 
state that to accept deposit collections is contrary to their 
fixed policy. 


Lier wiBU DIOR IPURGHASE 


According to most of the reports, the selection of books 
for a college or university library does not involve the com- 
promise which most public libraries must make between 
“the best books” and “the best that the people will read.” 
One university library says: “We aim to satisfy the read- 
ing needs of people who have, or aspire to have, a fair de- 
gree of culture, and we try to see that all general books pur- 
chased are both readable and worth reading.” Another ex- 
presses thus the usual purpose and principle: “Our primary 
purpose is to secure the books which are needed or likely to 
be needed in instruction or research. Books outside the 
fields of the departments of instruction are selected with 
reference rather to their value than to their popular appeal.” 
Some reports, however, indicate that not all university libra- 
ries find it possible to adhere closely to “the best books” 


244 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


alone. “We buy both classes,” says one university, “with 
the ambition of getting the two groups merged.” “We buy 
the best books,” says another, “though we frequently get 
poorer books at the insistence of faculty members.” Simi- 
lar replies are more numerous among the smaller universities 
and colleges. “We try to have the outstanding books in each 
class, but add some popular books also.” “Educational 
standards usually require the best, but a certain amount of 
bait is necessary.” Another reply probably suffers from its 
brevity: “We buy largely the ‘best books,’ and some that 
people will read.” 

In general, however, most purchases are dictated by the 
educational needs of the teaching and student bodies, which 
are the principal factor in determining the whole field of 
purchase as well as in the selection of individual titles. “Our 
policy is to buy books in all fields covered by the college cur- 
riculum, and some others for which there is demand. Our 
aim is to make a good working library for all sections of the 
curriculum. With the portion of our income which can be 
spared for source material we concentrate in specific fields in 
which members of the faculty and our graduate students are 
working.” In essentials, this report from Mount Holyoke 
represents well the policy of most college and university l- 
braries, in which chief attention is necessarily given to the 
major subjects of the curriculum and the needs of research 
workers. 

The extent to which books of a popular nature are pur- 
chased, for general reading, may be influenced by the presence 
of a public library in the same city, which may make it un- 
necessary for the college or university library to spend as 
much as might otherwise be necessary for popular current 
books. The New York Public Library maintains a circulat- 
ing branch in the Columbia University Library in addition to 
three larger branches near the university, and St. Louis 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 245 


Public Library has a branch in the building of St. Louis 
University. 

In the small colleges the available book funds are usually 
exhausted in trying to meet the imperative needs of students 
and faculty in direct connection with the courses of study. 
In the larger colleges and universities the extent of spe- 
cialization in the library’s purchases depends on the funds 
available, on the instructional and research needs of the in- 
stitution, and to some extent also on the possession of notable 
collections in certain fields the further strengthening of which 
is desirable. In universities, with schools of law, medicine, 
and other professional subjects, the extent of purchase in 
these special fields is determined, for the general university 
library, by the existence or the non-existence of independent 
libraries attached to those schools. 

Co-operation in book purchase.—A very large propor- 
tion of the reported co-operation in book purchase, among the 
larger libraries, both public and university, is of a rather 
negative kind. The “co-operation” may be entirely one- 
sided, a general library merely refraining from extensive 
purchase, or perhaps from all purchase, in special fields which 
are fully covered by other near-by libraries. In some such 
cases there may be a more or less definite understanding, 1f 
not a formal agreement. The Brooklyn Public Library, for 
example, does not duplicate genealogies or town, county, or 
state histories which are available at the Long Island His- 
torical Society. The University of Missouri leaves the field 
of Missouri history to the State Historical Society of Mis- 
souri. In Worcester, the American Antiquarian Society 
covers local history and genealogy; Clark University covers 
advanced science; Polytechnic Institute, applied science and 
art; and law is left to the Worcester County Law Library. 
The Public Library therefore buys sparingly in these fields. 
In Hartford, the Connecticut Historical Society has all 


246 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


genealogies, town histories, and vital records; the Watkinson 
Library of Reference is strongest in publications of learned 
societies and in expensive art and architecture; law, medi- 
cine, and theology are cared for by the Connecticut State 
Library, the Hartford County Bar Library, the Hartford 
Medical Society, and the Hartford Theological Seminary. 
Such divisions of the field are made so naturally that they 
require little in the way of definite agreement. 

Similar agreements, mostly rather indefinite in nature, 
have been made by some of the universities. Princeton re- 
ports co-operation with other libraries to a limited extent. 
Brown reports close co-operation with other libraries in 
Providence. For instance, the purchase of law books is 
ordinarily left to the Law Library, genealogy and Rhode 
Island history to the Rhode Island Historical Society, medi- 
cine to the Medical Society Library; Americana earlier than 
1800 to the John Carter Brown Library; and current fiction 
to the Providence Athenaeum. For expensive reference 
books agreements are made with the Providence Public Li- 
brary, to avoid duplication. The University of Minnesota 
leaves certain well-defined fields, except so far as class needs 
are concerned, to other libraries in Minneapolis and St. Paul; 
the University of Pennsylvania leaves genealogy to the His- | 
torical Society of Pennsylvania, and frequently refrains from 
purchase of expensive items in other fields if they are avail- 
able elsewhere in the city; the University of Chicago reports 
co-operation, mostly in regard to individual books, through 
correspondence and consultation with other libraries. The 
University of Maine and the Bangor Public Library, eight 
miles apart, co-operate in non-duplication of expensive sets 
and of some series of Government publications. 

More definite division of the field of purchase was made 
about 1897 by the New York Public Library and Columbia 
University, in an agreement which has since been extended to 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 247 


other local libraries. By this agreement the public library 
leaves to others the extensive cultivation of certain special 
fields such as medicine, biology, religion, theology, and law. 
One of the best-known examples of formal division of the 
field is seen in Chicago, where history, literature, and 
genealogy are left mainly to the Newberry Library, tech- 
nology and science (including the social, physical, natural, 
medical, and applied sciences) to the John Crerar Library, 
art to the Art Institute, and local history to the Chicago His- 
torical Society, while the Public Library endeavors to cover 
all fields extensively, but none of the special fields in- 
tensively. 

On the whole, the reports indicate that co-operation, even 
of the informal and rather indefinite kind, is carried on only 
to a very limited extent. Of twenty-three college and uni- 
versity libraries of more than 100,000 volumes, fifteen re- 
port no co-operation at all. Of thirty-seven public libra- 
ries of more than 100,000 volumes, twenty-nine report no co- 
operation. The need of further and more effective co- 
operation through division of the field of purchase is felt by 
nine of the twenty-three colleges and by six of the thirty- 
seven public libraries. 

At a meeting held in February, 1925, a consultation was 
held by the University of Michigan, Detroit Public Library, 
Grand Rapids Public Library, Michigan State Library, and 
the State Historical Commission, with the purpose of corre- 
lating the efforts of the leading historical agencies of the state. 
A committee was appointed to report a plan for closer co- 
operation, and also to make a census of newspapers in Iibra- 
ries of the state, with a view to locating existing files and to 
assisting in strengthening them. This committee is actively 
at work and has already secured complete returns of news- 
papers from most of the libraries in the state. 

On a broader scale, two committees of the American Li- 


248 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


brary Association are working on different problems in co- 
operation. After several years of endeavor the committee 
on a union list of periodicals succeeded in obtaining funds, 
from the subscriptions of libraries and from a Foundation, to 
cover the cost of preparing and publishing a union list of im- 
portant periodical files in libraries of the United States and 
Canada. A committee on resources of American libraries 
was appointed by the American Library Association, in con- 
sequence of work begun by a committee which was appointed 
in 1920 at the conference of Eastern college librarians, “‘to 
initiate a movement looking toward a better differentiation 
in the field of purchase of the larger university libraries” 
(A. L. A. Bulletin 15:215). This committee has been work- 
ing along two specific lines: “to interest the national learned 
societies in the problem as it affects their own fields; and to 
interest university presidents and other administrative officers 
in the problem as it affects their Lulgets.” These efforts are 
based on the idea that “it is only on the basis of a careful 
study of existing collections, and exact knowledge of our 
present development, that an adequate program can _ be 
outlined.” 


IV. EXCHANGES 


Exchange service, under present practice, is primarily a 
concern of the university library, although a somewhat ex- 
tensive exchange has been developed by several colleges and 
by a few of the large public libraries. Of the college and 
university libraries of more than 100,000 volumes, only a 
very few report that they have no exchange system at all. 

In university libraries the principal source of material for 
exchange comes from the publications of the university, ex- 
clusive of purely administrative bulletins, catalogs, and re- 
ports. Hence the extent of a library’s exchange service de- 
pends very largely on the number and the importance of these 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 249 


publications, but it is influenced also by the extent to which 
the library is recognized by the university as the distributing 
agent for its publications. In some universities, as at Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, and Michigan, the library has practically 
complete charge of exchanges. In others, the library con- 
ducts the exchange service only in part, though this is usually 
the larger part, as at Brown, Northwestern, Princeton, Uni- 
versity of Washington, and Yale. At Yale the library also 
makes recommendations concerning the distribution of cata- 
logs, reports, etc., and endeavors to include them in its ex- 
change records. At North Carolina the editor of each 
journal usually decides to whom it shall be sent, and the li- 
brary, which keeps the records, is notified. The library also 
initiates exchanges, particularly in the field of university 
studies, transactions of learned societies, and books issued 
by university presses. At Minnesota exchange lists are now 
subject largely to the University Press committee, as to in- 
clusion of institutions. The library still conducts the de- 
tails of distribution. 

Similar differences are reported in regard to the number of 
publications, and the number of copies of each, that are 
placed at the disposal of the library for exchange purposes. 
Obviously, the liberality of supply has great influence on the 
liberality of exchange. In most of the universities reporting, 
the library is allowed a part of all publications, and in several, 
as at California, Michigan, and Princeton, the larger part, for 
exchange. At Chicago and at Yale, publications of the uni- 
versity press are charged against the library, and hence their 
distribution must be on a somewhat carefully selective basis ; 
at California certain independent book publications and cer- 
tain serial publications, a minor part of the university press 
output, are not available for exchange. At Iowa the unt- 
versity editor sends out a portion of all the regular Umi- 
versity Studies for exchange with a list of institutions and 


250 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


libraries suggested by the library, but some of the minor pub- 
lications are available only by purchase. Second copies of 
publications sent on exchange must also, usually, be pur- 
chased. The Philological Quarterly, published by the uni- 
versity, ultimately brings the library numerous publications 
received as exchanges. The library itself conducts an ex- 
change of published theses with about ninety institutions. 

There is no greater uniformity of practice in regard to the 
shipping of exchanges. This is sometimes handled entirely 
by the library, sometimes entirely by other offices, and 1s 
sometimes divided. In one college the work of shipping is 
divided among the library and four other offices or depart- 
ments. The lack of one distributing center is mentioned by 
several libraries as one of the difficulties of their exchange 
service. One university describes its difficulties as follows: 
“Our out-going exchanges are now handled in a foolish, il- 
logical way, which we hope and expect to change. The stock 
of exchanges is kept in the library building in care of the 
secretary, whose office is elsewhere. He sends them out 
principally on the recommendations of the library, which re- 
fers all requests to the secretary’s office with its recommenda- 
tions for action.” 

Other difficulties mentioned are: Lack of sufficient ma- 
terial for exchange (primarily a problem of authorship and 
publication) ; lack of sufficient material from other institu- 
tions, and inequality of value in material offered (complaints 
of the most productive); failure to receive desired ex- 
changes; confusion resulting from diversity of methods; 
difficulty of keeping complete records, especially of serials; 
and other administrative difficulties, which are mostly due, 
apparently, to lack of definite and uniform methods. 

In a few of the large universities and in many of the 
smaller, the exchange work is handled as a part (though 
sometimes an accidental rather than a logical part) of some 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 251 


department, most commonly the acquisitions or order depart- 
ment, the periodical department or division, or the catalog 
department. In some it is recognized as a distinct division 
in the library’s administrative organization. Thus Minnesota 
has an exchange division of the order department ; University 
of Washington a periodicals and exchange division of the 
acquisitions department. Chicago organizes even more 
closely, with a gift and exchange division of the acquisitions 
department, which handles all exchanges except duplicates, 
which are cared for by the duplicate and map division of the 
same department. 

The number of institutions on the exchange mailing lists 
of the libraries reporting varies from fifty or less, to approxi- 
mately 1,000 at Yale and 1,500 at California. In most of 
the libraries it is between 100 and 300. Distinguishing be- 
tween American and foreign distribution, several libraries 
report as follows concerning the institutions on their ex- 
change lists: California, 377 American, 1,157 foreign; Chi- 
cago, 183 American, 102 foreign; Michigan, 148 American, 
154 foreign; Minnesota, 372 American, 379 foreign (greatly 
diminished in 1925-26, as the formation of a University 
Press has cut down the number of exchange copies avail- 
able); Yale (approximately), 400 American and 600 for- 
eign. The large foreign list at California is explained as 
follows: “Our large foreign list is due in the main to a series 
of special efforts to extend our exchange relations, and to a 
fairly systematic practice, aided by a few of the more inter- 
ested faculty members, of adding desirable publications to 
the list whenever they come to our notice. For example, 
during the last fiscal year (1924-25) exchanges with 110 new 
institutions were effected. This activity would not be pos- 
sible, of course, if the University of California Press were 
not continually issuing numbers in the various series which 
comprise most of the subjects of instruction and research in 


252 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


the university. Moreover, the publications of the Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station are placed at our disposal for 
distribution in exchange.” 

A better estimate, perhaps, of the extent of exchange 
service 1s obtainable from the amount of material received 
and sent out, although the figures alone are of minor im- 
portance and uncertain significance. How greatly the sta- 
tistics may vary from year to year in the same university is 
indicated by the following figures, reported by Columbia: 
In 1922, received 2,714 items, distributed 7,020; in 1923, re- 
ceived 11,823, distributed 8,492; in 1924, received 5,168, dis- 
tributed 16,319. The number of pieces received and dis- 
tributed in one year is reported as follows by several other 
universities : 

California (1924-25): Received approximately 30,000 
pieces, principally issues of journals; proceedings and trans- 
actions of societies; bulletins, and monographs. Distributed 
50,000 pieces, principally unbound. 

Michigan (1924-25): Received 4,990 pieces (no distine- 
tion made on records between books and pamphlets). Dis- 
tributed 5,312 pieces. 

Minnesota (1924-25): Received 3,171 books and 5,100 
pamphlets, mostly catalogs from other universities and pub- 
lic documents from state departments. Distributed 213 
books and 1,718 pamphlets. 

Yale (1923-24): Recewed 9,252 pieces. Distributed 
4,203 pieces. The official administrative publications of the 
university are distributed by the secretary’s office and by the 
various schools and departments, and are not included in the 
library’s records, although the publications received in ex- 
change are usually placed in the library. Hence the items 
received greatly outnumber those which are sent out by the 
library. The exchanges (1923-24) are classified as follows: 
Received 1,573 books, 3,017 French theses, 73 pamphlets, 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL 2593 


4,589 serials. Distributed 2,213 books, valued at $4,007.10, 
and 1,990 pamphlets. 

Some of the possibilities of exchange with foreign libraries 
and learned societies are illustrated by the following extract 
from the annual report of the Yale library, 1923-24: “Dur- 
ing the year four shipments, totaling eighteen cases, have 
been sent to the Smithsonian Institution. These contained 
1,297 packages addressed to foreign libraries and learned so- 
cieties. This distribution, as heretofore, included publications 
of the Yale University Press and of the Connecticut 
Academy, as well as Yale doctoral dissertations printed dur- 
ing the year.....About fifteen of the publications of the 
Press were taken in quantities of twenty-five or fifty copies 
for distribution. Odd copies of several others were sent to 
various libraries to which we were especially indebted..... 
Correspondence with several European libraries has re- 
sulted in our securing on exchange a considerable number 
of books published in the eighteenth and nineteenth cen- 
turies which those libraries had among their duplicates. 
Other items out of the run of our usual exchanges have been 
secured through newly organized offices of exchange, such 
as the Hungarian Libraries Board and the Exchange Bureau 
in the Polish Department of Foreign Affairs.” 

The basis of exchange between one library and others de- 
pends very largely on the number and the value of the pub- 
lications which can be offered, and on the consequent degree 
of importance which must be attached to maintaining a rea- 
sonable equality in value of exchanges. When it is necessary 
that value be taken into consideration, either because of the 
intrinsic value of the publications offered or because the sup- 
ply is small, distribution is usually made on a selective, quid 
pro quo basis. Pennsylvania, for example, maintains A, B, 
and C lists of exchanging institutions, compiled on the basis 
of the amount and the importance of the material which 


254 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


the several institutions may have to offer in exchange. At 
Yale, in 1923-24, the largest number of institutions receiving 
one publication was 507, and the smallest was eighteen. 
Duplicates are sometimes exchanged by the New York Pub- 
lic Library, which says: “Unless the institution with which 
the exchange is made may be regarded as potentially able to 
return value for value, or unless lists are submitted by the 
other institutions from which we can judge the value of their 
exchanges, our more expensive duplicate material is put on a 
priced exchange basis. Our own publications are ordinarily 
either sold or sent on unpriced exchange.” 

Closely priced exchange, however, ordinarily forms only a 
small part of the whole exchange distribution, and little ef- 
fort, if any, is generally made to maintain an exact bal- 
ance. Thus Michigan reports: “We have never attempted 
to make a valuation on items received and sent out, except 
those sent and received on priced exchange, in which we do 
not ordinarily have very much dealing.’ At Minnesota, in 
1924-25, 202 items were sent unpriced, and only 11 were 
priced. “Even the priced items were sent on an approxi- 
mate basis, and we have never found that it was worth while 
to attempt to strike a very careful balance on those which 
are sent out piece for piece. In many cases we are many 
hundreds of items behind. In other cases practically all the 
account is in our favor. An attempt to make an accurate 
estimate would be so expensive that it would not pay.” At 
the University of Chicago, in 1922-23, 5,914 pieces were sent 
on priced exchange, and 40,413 on unpriced exchange. 

In addition to the mailing lists, most libraries keep their 
exchange records in such form as to show the number of 
items sent and received in exchange with each institution, 
and the serial numbers or titles of continuations and sep- 
arates. The records usually reveal also, more or less 
definitely, the status of exchange relations with each institu- 


AcoutsiItioN or MATERIAL 255 


tion. Thus, at Yale a 5” x 8” card is made for each exchang- 
ing institution, on which, in parallel columns, is recorded all 
material sent and received. A similar card at the University 
of Chicago records separately, with parallel columns for 
receipts and for shipments, the number of bound volumes, 
the number of unbound volumes, the value, and the date of 
each shipment, so that the “gift and exchange account”’ with 
each institution is always self-balancing. At Minnesota a 
card is made for each institution, showing in parallel columns 
the series which the university should send and receive on 
each account. The records of receipts and of shipments are 
kept separately, with one card recording the items sent and 
another the items received. 

Stock-record cards also are kept if the library has charge 
of the stock of publications available for exchange. New 
York Public Library, in addition to its shipment records, 
keeps a list of subjects in which exchanging institutions are 
interested. 

The exchange of duplicates constitutes a separate branch 
of exchange service which has been developed only to a 
slight extent. A clearing house for the exchange of dupli- 
cates has been often proposed but has not been established. 
In 1915 Library Journal, in order to facilitate such exchange, 
offered space in its columns for lists of duplicates and lists 
of wants. With the co-operation of the Russell Sage Foun- 
dation Library this plan brought good results (see Library 
Journal 40: 262), but it was not developed to a great extent, 
although the columns of the periodical are still used for 
occasional offers and want lists. Material thus distributed, 
however, is usually offered as a gift, rather than an exchange. 
Of forty libraries which report that some of their duplicates 
are disposed of by exchange, only eleven mention them as a 
prominent part of their exchange material, and some of 
these have, altogether, only a very limited amount of ex- 


256 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


change. One college library states: “We keep a list of 
duplicates for exchange, but have not done much ex- 
changing.”’ 

That the exchange of duplicates is so often, apparently, a 
matter of duplicates rather than of exchange, is generally 
attributed to the administrative cost of handling the material, 
listing it, mailing the lists, shipping the items which are re- 
quested, and ultimately making other disposition of the items 
which are not requested* Several libraries, however, give 
considerable attention to this branch of exchange, and believe 
that the results are worth the cost. Among the libraries 
which occasionally issue lists of duplicates are the University 
of Minnesota, New York Public Library, New York State 
Library, Oberlin College, and St. Louis Public Library. 
Lists were formerly issued by the Library of Congress, but 
were discontinued because of the expense of the routine and 
clerical work involved. Available duplicates, however, are 
still offered on exchange to any other library which has 
promising material to offer in return. 

New York Public Library issues mimeographed lists about 
six times a year, at a cost of $2 or $3 for 150 or 200 sheets. 
In 1924 six lists of material offered, unpriced, were sent to 
150 libraries, 25 of which sent orders.. Of 423 titles offered, 
208 were not ordered by any library, but 215 were ordered, 
many of them by several libraries, and were supplied. On 
these figures the library comments thus: “Surely there must 
have been some libraries among the 125 that did not make a 
request, which could have used some of these 208 titles to 
advantage. The books which we offered were not what is 
known as dead-wood, or discards, but books of a rather high 
average. Some of our most profitable exchange is with 
learned institutions abroad. Many of the smaller libraries in 
the United States can not supply duplicates which we lack, 
but can supply city directories which we need.” 


ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL ZF 


New York State Library occasionally issues lists of dupli- 
cates for distribution among certain other libraries, not as a 
part of its exchange service but in order to dispose of ma- 
terial that it does not need in exchange for something that 
is wanted. Lists are issued about twice a month and are 
sent to about twenty-eight libraries. Thus far, only very 
miscellaneous titles, of no special money value, have been of- 
fered. On the last two lists, of 126 items offered, 50 were 
taken; of 56 offered, 30 were taken. 

In 1924-25 St. Louis Public Library sent eighteen lists, 
which included city directories, telephone directories, and li- 
brary reports and bulletins, as well as duplicates, to twenty- 
five institutions. Of the duplicates offered, 175 books and 
255 pamphlets were sent out, and in exchange the library re- 
ceived 395 books and 558 pamphlets. 

The University of Minnesota issues lists, of about one hun- 
dred titles each, once or twice a month. These are sent to 
about thirty libraries from which the university receives a 
great deal of service through inter-library loans or from 
which it receives a considerable number of duplicates. From 
half to two-thirds of the items on each list are usually taken. 


CHAPTER IV 


Minhoteg ew iiee 
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 


I. APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS 


Appointment of the librarian, in practically all of the col- 
lege and university libraries reporting, is made either by the 
president, or by the president with the approval of the trus- 
tees, or by the trustees on recommendation of the president, 
or by the trustees. This is a gradation in which such dif- 
ferences as exist are probably differences in routine pro- 
cedure rather than in actual practice and in responsibility for 
the selection. Ina few libraries the appointment is made by 
or on the recommendation of the library committee. In some 
of the state universities, as at the universities of Iowa, South 
Dakota, and West Virginia, the formal appointment is off- 
cially made by the state department of education, the board 
of regents, or other body representing the state. 

In most of the libraries reporting, the appointment is made 
for an indefinite period. In some, the first appointment is 
made for a definite period, at the end of which it is indefi- 
nitely extended. Thus at Northwestern University the first 
appointment is for a five-year period, after which it be- 
comes indefinite; at Smith College the first appointment is 
for three years, and then, if renewed, is made indefinite; at 
Wellesley the first appointment is made for one year, and 
later appointments for three years until the maximum. sal- 
ary is reached, when the appointment becomes permanent; at 
Colorado College it is made permanent after three one-year 
appointments, and at Bryn Mawr when the maximum salary 
is reached. In some institutions, as at Indiana, Iowa, the 


258 


THe STAFF 259 


University of Washington, and State College of Washing- 
ton, the formal appointment is renewed every year, but the 
position is ordinarily considered permanent, the reports indi- 
cate, as long as it is satisfactorily filled. At Mount Holyoke 
College the appointment is renewed every five years. 

Appointments of staff members, like the appointment of 
the librarian, show many variations in formal procedure. 
Approximately 41 per cent. of the libraries report that ap- 
pointments are made by the trustees or by the president, but 
most of them add “‘on the recommendation of the librarian.” 
In about 29 per cent. the librarian is said to make the ap- 
pointments; in others they are made by the librarian with 
the approval of the trustees or the president or the library 
committee. One report describes a common procedure by 
saying that the trustees make the appointments, on nomina- 
tion of the faculty, who accept the nominations of the libra- 
ry committee, who accept the nominations of the librarian. 
In several libraries the librarian’s appointments to the higher 
positions on the staff are subject to confirmation: thus at 
the University of Chicago appointments to positions paying 
more than $1500 may be referred by the director of the uni- 
versity libraries to the president and the board of trustees 
for their approval and for inclusion in the list of trustee ap- 
pointments. At Princeton appointments to positions bearing 
university rank are confirmed by the trustees. At Iowa mem- 
bers of the staff are appointed by the finance committee of 
the state board of education, on recommendation from the 
librarian to the president and from the president to the com- 
mittee. 

The use of intelligence tests, either as a basis for appoint- 
ment or promotion or as an aid in assignment of work, is re- 
ported by Brown University, where the Thorndike tests and 
the Brown University psychological examinations have been 
used since 1920. The tests are given to all new appointees, 


260 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


but are used not so much as a basis for appointment as in the 
assignment of work and advancement to higher grades. “Re- 
sults obtained from these tests,” it is reported, “have con- 
firmed our impressions of ability. Frequently we have 
learned of classifying ability, and in one case, where unusual 
insight was shown, we at once transferred the assistant from 
an easy cataloging task to one requiring greater ability. In 
another case where we had rather over-estimated ability, the 
test showed that cataloging skill did not exist, and we re- 
tained the assistant in another line of work for which she 
has proved well suited.” 

At the library of Kansas State Teachers’ College, in 1924, 
a series of intelligence or ability tests was given to nearly 
five hundred freshmen. (Library Journal, 50:116-17.) 


II, QUALIFICATIONS 


Definite educational and technical qualifications, requisite 
for appointment, are reported by very few libraries, and in 
most of them the reported requirements cover only one or 
two positions. The only library which reports a schedule 
sufficiently complete and definite to be compared with the 
“schemes of service’ which many public libraries have 
adopted (see pages 90-94) is the University of Washington. 
This schedule, in full, is as follows: 


UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARY SALARY SCHEDULE 


I. First Grade (lowest)—Non Professional or Clerical. 
Education: High school graduation, plus skill in type- 
writing in some cases. 
Increase: $60 per year to a maximum of $1,080. 
Ist year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 
$900 $960 $1,020 $1,080 
II. Second Grade—First Professional (Four years’ prepa- 
ration above the high school). 


THE STAFF 261 


Education: Three years in college, including a reading 
knowledge of two modern foreign languages, and one 
year in a recognized library school. 

Rank: Junior Assistant. 

Increase: $60 per year to a maximum of $1,440. 

Ist year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 
$1,260 $1,320 $1,380 $1,440 

III. Third Grade—Second Professional (Five years’ prepa- 
ration above the high school). 

Education: College graduation, including a reading knowl- 
edge of two modern foreign languages, and one year in 
a recognized library school; or, three years in college and 
two years in a library school. 


A. Senior Assistant 
Increase: $100 per year to a maximum of $1,800. 
tsteyear = Z2ndyear. “Srdiyear" 4th year Sth) year, 
$1,400 $1,500 $1,600 $1,700 $1,800 
B, Head of a Department 
Increase: Twenty per cent. over subordinate position of 
corresponding year to a maximum of $2,250 after five 
years of successful service. 
Ist year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 
$1,680 $1,800 $1,920 $2,040 $2,160 $2,250 
IV. Fourth Grade—Third Professional (Six years’ prepa- 
ration above the high school). 
Education: College graduation, including a reading knowl- 
edge of two modern foreign languages, and two years in 
a recognized library school. 


A. Senior Assistant 
Increase: $100 per year to a maximum of $1,900. 
Ist year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 
$1,500 $1,600 $1,700 $1,800 $1,900 


262 COLLEGE LIBRARIES 


B. Head of a Department 


Increase: Twenty per cent. over subordinate position of cor- 
responding year to a maximum of $2,400 after five years 
of successful service. 


Ist year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 
$1,800 $1,920 $2,040 $2,160 $2,280 $2,400 

The application of this salary schedule is governed by the 
following “Rules governing promotions in rank and salary.” 

“1. Clericals can not grow into a professional rank with- 
out at least four years’ preparation above the high school, at 
least one year of which must be in a library school. 

“2. Junior assistants can not pass to the rank of senior 
assistant without a fifth year of preparation above the high 
school, either academic or professional, as the person may 
choose. 


“3. Only senior assistants may be promoted to the position 
and rank of department head, and then by dropping back one 
step in salary from the corresponding year as an assistant. 

“4, A person who comes into the staff of this library from 
a well organized and well directed library, and who brings a 
record of excellent service, may receive as a beginning salary 
the same salary she would have received if all her experience 
had been in this library. 

“5. Recognized departments in this library shall for the 
present be only the following: Acquisitions (or Order) de- 
partment; Catalog department; Circulation department; and 
Reference department. Other departments may be created 
only in urgent need. 

“6. Exceptional people who are desired in this staff will in 
each case be considered on merit and the salary scheme may 
be violated within reasonable limits, but only upon special 
approval of the president. 

“7. The fact that a person is in line of salary increase does 


THe STAFF 263 


not of necessity imply that the stated increase will be granted 
in every instance. On the contrary the increase will stop 
whenever the librarian recommends that the salary already 
reached is the full worth of the service rendered. When an 
increase is automatically due and is not granted, it may be in- 
ferred that the person affected may remain in the position 
without prospect of further increase unless notified to the 
contrary.” 

Statistics of education and training—The following 
statistics are based on reports from 144 libraries, giving the 
educational qualifications and the extent of professional 
training of the staff as it was composed at the time when the 
questionnaire was answered. Both the number of full-time 
and the number of part-time employes are included in these 
tables. Student assistants are included among the part-time 
employes in so far as the information contributed makes this 
possible. The percentages, however, are computed on the 
number of full-time employes alone. Two-year library school 
graduates are not included with the one-year graduates. 

LIBRARIES OF More THAN 100,000 VoLUMEsS 


Number Per Cent. 
PW tS MTCOTeSClle dt. « ssc 5 abet: scutes meee bats 30 


Sa STITIOSERUD IO VES 244 cou mice sins cree diay Some oe Oe 582 

Ree eSINe CIN DLO VCS tries ah. toe the 6 28 ota wales leans Cra ZAL 

eer ee OL AUT ACSE As) WOR ono oars he eee e SOL 57.9 
aiwo-vyear library school graduates...../......-.- 48 8.2 
One-year library school graduates............... 157 26.9 
fatamineaciass- (atv least-6 months),,.. 2./: 00. a! 39 6.7 
Peecet aaiy Oy tmHONtis, otraiin ey... 4 hss arena ewes 338 58.0 


LiprariEs OF 50,000-100,000 VoLUMEsS 
Number Per Cent. 


Pibrariece represented s i422 Woes eens eek oe 36 
Peg eee CHUDIOVCS © ei O ww. css cs ws ee ee EN ee 206 
Meare-title CMPlOVES sia. 2. > IDOL SOEs Ghee ret 143 
PLEO oreT AI ALC Sete 5 SENN oS. inlsce oe ae ke he es 140 67.9 
Two-year library school graduates.............. 24 11.6 
One-year library school graduates............... 71 34.4 
raimine ciass) (at least’6:months). 20 denen. 29 14.0 


breen taht) Montes {Pain Se enc ool ase alec 82 39.8 


264 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


LipraRIES OF 20,000-50,000 VoLUMES 


Number Per Cent. 
41 


Libraries ‘represented aivcsoo.s aco ee cee sae ee ee 

Rali-times employesain wh en ce as bee ee 124 

Part-time emploves une. is aus ten eet eee 134 

College eoradtiates evevawrn tere eon renee wee 80 64.5 
Two-year library school graduates.............. 20 16.1 
One-year library school ‘eraduates.;.......4.... 40 & Pays 
‘raining. class, ( atleast, 0 Months meee er. ee een 7 5.6 
MessithanvOstionthsmtrainin eer) aoe ete a7, 45.9 


LIBRARIES OF Less THAN 20,000 VoLUMES 


Number Per Cent. 
43 


Librariestrepresented tes so ek eee ee eee 

Hiull-times employessencn satire en ee oe oe eee 73 

Part-time memplovesher sxc sate tts ca seer teas nee 93 
Collevesuraduatesit py htn i ts ae, caine eee 53 72.6 
Two-year library school’ graduates.../.......2.. 8 10.9 
One-year library school graduates............... 24 32.8 
‘Draining cclasseCateleastsOumontis ey eee 18 24.6 
Péssi than Ormontns etraining erste eee 23 JL5 


Ill. SALARIES 


In the following tables are shown the highest, the lowest, 
and the average salaries reported for various positions on 
the staff in the libraries of Class A (more than 100,000 
volumes), Class B (50,000-100,000 volumes), and Class C 
(20,000-50,000 volumes) : 

The positions represented are Librarian (Ln.), Assistant 
librarian (Ass’t. Ln.), Heads of departments or divisions 
(Dep’t Hd.), Departmental librarians (Dep’t. Ln.), reported 
only by a few libraries in Class A, and general assistants of 
professional grade (Ass't.). 


Class A Ln. Ass’t. Dep’t. Dep’t. Ass't. 
Ln. Hd. Ln. 
No. of libraries reporting .... 27 13 22 9 24 
Lowest salary reported....... $3,000 $1,750 $1,000 $ 900 $ 850 
Highest salary reported...... 8,000 5,000 3,300 2,400 2,700 


Averaven salary mati Gee 4,590 3,104 2,065 1,538 1,519 


Tue STAFF 265 


Class B Ass’t. Dep't. 
Ks tie Hd. Ass’t 
No. of libraries reporting.... 34 19 21 24 
Lowest salary reported...... $1,500 $ 750 $1,000 $ 900 
Highest salary reported..... 4,000 2,500 2,200 1,900 
Bevel OC VEASAIAT Wir, tous. see oh s 2,781 1,734 1,798 1,475 
lass: Ass'’t. Dep't. 
Ln. re Hd. Ass’t 
No. of libraries reporting.... 30 17 6 9 
Lowest salary reported...... $ 800 $ 900 $1,400 $1,020 
Highest salary reported...... 3,300 2,000 2,400 1,500 
PMY EL ACE ESAlA EY. pore sas abe oo oss 2,053 1,428 1,706 1,368 


Reports from the libraries of Class D (less than 20,000 
volumes) are very meagre. Only 62 libraries report the libra- 
rian’s salary, which varies from $585 to $3,000 and averages 
$1,630 for the whole number. The salary of an “assistant 
librarian” is reported by 17, varying between $850 and 
$2,400. Other assistants are reported by 11, at salaries vary- 
ing from $600 to $1,650. 

Assistants of non-professional grade are reported by 22 
libraries in Class A, at salaries varying from $600 to $1,800, 
and by 13 libraries in Class B, at salaries ranging from $600 
to $1,500. 


IV. WORKING CONDITIONS 


Hours of work.—The minimum and the maximum 
number of hours of work required each week in the libraries 
reporting, and the average number of hours in each of the 
four classes, are as follows: 


Min. Max. Average 
assy Ne OU reporting )\..o...ee eae 36 44 40.4 
Glaser (o> reporting) 2.7.6... 5 36 441% 39.9 
Glass ee 41 oreportin®) 12... ches 34 54 41.5 
Passe AL TEPOLtinie) ow aie eure acess 30 63 42 


Four libraries in Class A and nine in Class B report short- 
er hours in summer. In most of these the schedule is short- 
ened only three or four hours, but some require from six to 


266 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


nine hours less than in winter, and a few have even a shorter 
summer schedule. Amherst reduces the hours from 40 to 
21, and Smith College from 40 to 26. 

In all classes, the time allowed for lunch varies from 45 
minutes to two hours, but in 68 per cent. of the whole num- 
ber reporting it is one hour. 

Few libraries report any definite plan for rotation of work 
according to a schedule designed to relieve fatigue and pro- — 
mote efficiency. In some libraries from four to five hours, 
or a longer period in a few, is said to be the maximum time 
required without change of duties. Some report a certain 
amount of rotation, especially at the loan desk and in cata- 
loging, but this is usually, it appears, without definite limits. 
Minnesota reports ‘“‘we try to avoid fatigue by schedule ad- 
justments.” Pennsylvania State College reports a maximum 
of two hours at the loan desk, and University of Maine a 
maximum of two hours at desk and clerical work, reference 
work, and cataloging. The University of Chicago reports 
the most definite program: “At the main loan desk assistants 
are shifted to another station every two or three hours, as 
they prove less efficient if kept longer on a single task. In 
other departments, especially cataloging, practically all as- 
sistants have some work aside from their main tasks. In fil- 
ing cards, three hours is as long as the average person can 
file accurately.” } 

A free half day each week is allowed in 28 libraries among 
32 in Class A; by 33 among 37 in Class B; by 28 among 45 
in Class C; and by 12 among 109 in Class D. At the Uni- 
versity of Chicago individual schedules are arranged with 
the approval of the head of the department; a majority of 
the staff arrange to have two free half days a week. Smith 
College sometimes gives two half days; Simmons College 
gives two half days or one whole day. 

Evening work, in the departments which are open eve- 


THE STAFF 267 


nings, is done by the regular staff in turn in nearly half of 
all the libraries reporting, including the University of Ari- 
zona, Dartmouth, the universities of Iowa, Michigan, Minne- 
sota, and Montana, Mount Holyoke, Princeton, Smith, Tufts, 
and the University of Washington. In most libraries not 
more than two or three evenings a week are required, and in 
some libraries only one evening; a few of the small libraries 
report a maximum of four or five. 

Many libraries, including Beloit, Hamilton, Haverford, 
Lehigh, North Carolina, Northwestern, Pittsburgh, Radcliffe, 
and Yale, have separate evening staffs, usually composed 
mainly or entirely of student assistants. A combination of 
student assistance and staff supervision, with a regular staff 
member in charge of the more important work, is illustrated 
by the following reports. At Brown one assistant is on duty 
every evening during the college year, and other assistants 
alternate in evening work. At Chicago one of the regular 
staff works five evenings and a special assistant is employed 
for night work only; all other evening work is done by stu- 
dent help. At the University of Pennsylvania there is one 
volunteer supervisor from the regular staff, who receives 
extra pay, and the remainder of the evening staff is com- 
posed of students. At State College of Washington each 
reference librarian serves three evenings a week, but all 
evening work at the loan desk is covered by student as- 
sistants. 

In most of the large libraries (Class A), Sunday and holi- 
day work is done mainly or entirely by student assistants. 
Among others, some Sunday or holiday service is given 
by members of the regular staff at Dartmouth, Michi- 
gan, Notre Dame, Oberlin, Princeton, Vassar, Wellesley, 
and Yale. At Notre Dame, Oberlin, Princeton, and Welles- 
ley, such work is considered a part of the regular schedule. 
Michigan and Yale pay extra; others permit an equal amount 


268 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


of time to be taken off during the week, or, as at Vassar, 
double time. At Chicago students are used mainly, and 
enough staff members are willing to work to provide the 
necessary supervision. At Pennsylvania, also, Sunday and 
holiday service is done principally by students; the depart- 
ment head is expected to secure the few volunteers from the 
regular staff needed to serve the desks. 

Less than half of the smaller libraries are open on Sun- 
days and holidays. In-~most of those which are open, the 
work is done mainly by student assistants. A few, including 
Mount Holyoke and Ohio State University, include it in the 
regular schedule; several others, including the University of 
Maine (holidays only) and Smith College, allow the time to 
be taken off during the week. 

Among 224 libraries, in all classes, only 42 report the use 
of time sheets or other form of individual time records. 
Several libraries report a definite limit to the amount of lost 
time which may be made up at one time. Brown reports a 
maximum of four hours; Lehigh, three hours; Bryn Mawr, 
two hours; Yale, one hour in excess of a full working day. 
The University of Minnesota reports that the amount of time 
which may be made up is limited to eight hours in one week, 
since the regular schedule calls for 40 hours and a state law 
limits working hours to 48 a week. At the University of 
Tennessee, likewise, the amount of time which may be made 
up in one day is restricted by a state law which limits a 
working day to eight hours. 

Vacations.—An annual vacation of one month is given 
the professional staff in approximately two-thirds of the large 
libraries (20 out of 33 in Class A), but in less than one- 
third of the smaller, where the vacation periods vary from 
three months to no vacation with pay. Among the libraries 
which give a month are Amherst, Brown, Iowa, Maine, 
Michigan, Montana, Northwestern, Princeton, and the Uni- 


THE STAFF 269 


versity of Washington. Several, including Dartmouth, Ken- 
tucky, Ohio, Oregon State Agricultural College, Pennsyl- 
vania State College, and Vermont, give a month in the sum- 
mer and also a part or all of the mid-year vacation periods of 
the college. Bryn Mawr and the University of Cincinnati 
give six weeks in summer, plus one week at Christmas. 

In a few libraries a distinction is made between the libra- 
rian and department heads and the lower grades of the pro- 
fessional staff. At the University of Chicago the heads of 
the principal departments are given six weeks and other as- 
sistants four weeks; at Middlebury College the librarian and 
the catalogers have six weeks and general assistants four; at 
Radcliffe the librarian is given six weeks and the assistants 
one month. Distinctions are also reported by several libra- 
ries between the professional and the clerical staff. Thus the 
University of Minnesota and the University of Pittsburgh 
give four weeks to the professional staff, and three weeks 
and two weeks, respectively, to the clerical; Vassar gives the 
professional staff six weeks and the clerical staff two weeks. 
A few, including Ohio Wesleyan University, Dickinson, Ken- 
yon, and Whitman, adjust the salaries on a ten months’ 
basis, and give only the college mid-year vacations with pay. 

Only 29 libraries among 224 report that a definite length 
of service is required before a vacation will be granted. Am- 
herst, Bryn Mawr, Colorado, Maine, Missouri, Oregon State 
Agricultural College, State College of Washington, and 
several others, require a full year’s or eleven months’ service. 
The universities of Chicago, Kentucky, Michigan, Minne- 
sota, and Tennessee, require six months before any vaca- 
tion is given. The length of vacation after less than a full 
year’s service is usually pro rated. Chicago gives the full 
vacation after 48 weeks of service; after 24 weeks, a vaca- 
tion of one-twelfth of the number of days on duty. The 
University of Iowa, after three months’ service, gives two 


270 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


and a half days for each month, except to the stenographic 
and clerical force, provided that any one who has served less 
than one year agrees to return and complete at least one year 
of service, with the expectation of at least beginning a sec- 
ond year. The University of Pennsylvania gives two days 
for each month, after a minimum of one month’s service. 

Provisions for a sabbatical year are reported as follows. 
At Brown the librarian and the assistant librarian, because of 
professorial rank, are entitled to a half year with full pay or 
a full year with half pay. At Minnesota the librarian and 
the reference librarian, because of rank as professor and as- 
sociate professor, are entitled to a year with half pay. The 
librarian alone is reported to be eligible for the sabbatical 
year, either on full pay or on half pay, at Amherst, Colorado, 
Grinnell, Michigan, Missouri, Montana State College, North 
Dakota, Princeton, Vassar, Wellesley, and the College for 
Women, Western Reserve University. 

Few libraries report any definite regulations governing the 
amount of sick leave that will be granted. Several, including 
Arizona, Arkansas, Michigan, Minnesota, and Notre Dame, 
allow four weeks or a month. Bryn Mawr, Lehigh, and Yale 
give two weeks, and Colorado, one. Pennsylvania has a slid- 
ing scale based on length of service, ranging from one week 
with full pay during the first year of service to four weeks 
with full pay and four weeks with half pay after five years’ 
service. 

Size of staff—The table printed on page 273, entitled “A 
trial toward finding an adequate staff for a university libra- 
ry,’ was compiled by Mr. William E. Henry, librarian of the 
University of Washington. The Survey has not been able 
to make any investigation of the relations which exist be- 
tween the size of staff in a library and the amount of work 
done. With permission kindly given by Mr. Henry, the 
Survey is glad to print the table as a contribution to study of 


THE STAFF Ait 


this subject in so far as university libraries are concerned. 
Mr. Henry prefaces his table with the following explanation : 


“A TrraL TowarD FINDING AN ADEQUATE STAFF 
For A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY” 


“These statistics were compiled purely for my own satis- 
faction in an effort to see if any guide could be obtained for 
measuring the size of a staff for university libraries. I 
sought to reach a conclusion by comparing the main lines of 
service rendered in fourteen typical university libraries, 
chiefly of the state-supported type. 

“I assumed in this case, what is usually true in other simi- 
lar cases, that the average experience of a considerable num- 
ber of similar institutions is the nearest approach we have to 
the essential truth. I have recorded what seemed to me the 
most essential facts of service and staff numbers, and from 
this prepared the averages. 

“In collecting the statistics I promised not to print the re- 
sults. One of the contributors called the attention of the 
director of the Survey to the figures, and he asked permission 
to print them. Eleven of the fourteen contributors have 
given their consent; the other three are omitted. 

“T feel that the following paragraphs express my thought 
and my interpretation of the facts recorded: 

“T am assuming in my inquiry and conclusions that the two 
chief factors in determining the size of a university library 
staff are: 1. The number of acquisitions (volumes added) ; 
2. The number of patrons served. 

“Of course there are other elements, some not very signifi- 
cant, namely, the total content of the library, and other ele- 
ments difficult to measure, such for example as: How well 
the building is arranged for quick service, and whether the 
library is well centralized, or is widely scattered in branch 
and department libraries, or whether a special collection ex- 


272 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


pensive to administer is maintained. There can be no com- 
mon measure or comparison for widely divergent conditions 
or activities. These statistics therefore do not tell the whole 
truth, or render full justice to any one library. I selected the 
common elements only. 

“The figures for acquisition cover the year 1924-25 as 
given in Mr. Gerould’s report for that year. The figures for 
faculties and registered resident students are for the autumn 
quarter or semester of 1925-26. 

“To get the complete number of staff I took the numbers 
reported to Mr. Gerould as one element; then the number of 
hours per week of service of those not included in what I 
have designated the professional staff; and reduced these 
hours to full time service, considering 42 hours as the work- 
ing week. Adding these two groups I called the result the 
number of staff, as in column 2. 

“Any university librarian can doubtless find fault with 
much or all of this, but all I have tried to do is stated in the 
title. I am willing to accept the results as a guide in building 
up and measuring my own staff for this particular library. 
I trust it will be of interest, if not of value, to all who are 
facing the same problem. Please remember that I collected 
these figures and worked out the conclusions wholly to 
answer my questions, not to educate my friends, but ‘the 
devil can cite [statistics as well as] Scripture for his pur- 


199 


poses. 








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274 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


V. STAFF PRIVILEGES AND WELFARE 


Borrowing privileges.—In more than half of the libra- 
ries reporting, members of the staff are given “faculty 
privileges” in borrowing, with no definite regulations govern- 
ing the length of time books may be kept unless they are 
needed by other readers, or with no fixed limits except for 
new fiction or other popular books. Among these are 
Brown, Bryn Mawr, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri (two weeks 
for fiction), North Carolina (two weeks for fiction), North- 
western, Pennsylvania (new fiction must circulate once be- 
fore a staff member is entitled to it), Texas, Vassar, and 
Wellesley. Nearly half of the large libraries, and many of 
the smaller, issue books to the staff with the same limitations 
as to other (non-faculty) borrowers. Among these are Am- 
herst, Dartmouth, Lehigh, Michigan (one week for fiction 
and two weeks for non-fiction), Minnesota, Oregon, Prince- 
ton, University of Washington, and Yale. In only a few 
libraries are staff members permitted to borrow current 
copies of magazines, over-night or Sunday. 

Library conferences.—The following libraries report 
that their budgets contain an item providing for expenses of 
the librarian, or other staff members, in attending library 
conferences: Dartmouth, Maine, North Dakota, North- 
western, and Pennsylvania (for traveling expenses, to be 
spent at the discretion of the librarian). Money may be 
granted for this purpose, however, either from the library’s 
funds or by a special grant from general university funds, 
in several other libraries, including Brown, Chicago, Hamil- 
ton (half expenses occasionally), Iowa, and Princeton. At 
Minnesota no traveling expenses are granted for meetings 
except to regular meetings of associations of which the li- 
brary is an institutional member, and then only on approval 
by the president and the regents of the university and the 
governor of the state. At the University of Washington ex- 


THE STAFF ZI5 


penses are paid only if the person to whom they are granted 
is to participate in the conference by reading a paper or in 
some other way. At Yale, expenses of staff members are 
sometimes paid if they are on the program of the conference. 

Staff meetings.—In nearly all of the libraries reporting, 
meetings of the entire staff are held irregularly and infre- 
quently, if at all, seldom averaging more than two or three 
a year. At the University of Iowa meetings are usually 
held monthly, often at luncheon, with discussion of profes- 
sional or literary subjects and news items. Monthly meet- 
ings are held also at the universities of Oregon, Pittsburgh, 
Tennessee, and Washington. Among the libraries which re- 
port less frequent meetings are Brown (once or twice a 
year), Michigan (once in the fall of each year, and on special 
occasions), Northwestern (“irregularly, to discuss questions 
of policy and method, or to meet informally visiting libra- 
rians’’), and Pennsylvania. 

Meetings of department heads are held once a week at 
Iowa, Oregon State Agricultural College, Princeton, and 
Texas; once a month at Michigan; and irregularly at Chi- 
cago and at Pennsylvania. 

At the University of Chicago there is a library council, 
composed of the acting director, the heads of departments 
and divisions, assistants in charge of departmental libraries, 
_ and the revisers of cataloging and classification. This coun- 
cil meets quarterly. Questions of routine and of policy or 
method are discussed, recommendations are presented, and 
reports are made by persons or committees who have been 
appointed to investigate various matters. 

Staff insurance, retiring funds, etc——The University 
of Pennsylvania has recently introduced a system of group 
life insurance for all full-time members of the teaching staff 
and full-time employes. The insurance provides both a life 
insurance benefit, payable to the beneficiary on the death of 


276 CoLLEGE LIBRARIES 


the insured, and a total and permanent disability benefit, pay- 
able to the insured if he becomes totally and permanently 
disabled before he has reached the age of sixty. All who 
are eligible for participation in this plan are automatically 
covered as soon as they become eligible, and are entitled to 
the insurance benefits as long as they remain in the service 
of the university. If a person leaves this service, the insur- 
ance may be converted by him, without medical examination 
but at the regular premium rate, to some form of insurance, 
other than term insurance. 

No person is required to undergo a medical examination in 
connection with the group insurance. The amount of insur- 
ance provided depends on the length of service or on the 
position held, in accordance with the following schedule: 

All members of the teaching staff and all administrative 
officers to be insured for one year’s salary to a maximum of 
$5,000. 

All others covered by the policy to be insured in accordance 
with the following plan: 

25 per cent. of annual salary to those in service at least 
one year and less than two years. (With minimum of $500.) 

50 per cent. of annual salary to those in service two years 
and less than three years. (With minimum of $500.) 

75 per cent. of annual salary to those in service three years 
and less than four years. (With minimum of $500.) 

100 per cent. of annual salary to those in service four 
years and over. 

Minimum amount of insurance.......... $ 500. 
Maximum amount of insurance.......... 5,000. 

Both death and total disability payments will be made in 
twelve monthly instalments. 

At the University of Chicago the following system is in 
force. 

Certain full-time employes of the University of Chicago 


THE STAFF 277 


are included under a plan of death benefit payments. The 
basis of computation of the amount of such payment is as 
follows: After one year of service, the sum of $600, to be 
increased by $100 for each year of continuous service up to 
a maximum of the annual salary, but in no event to exceed 
the sum of $3,000. The foregoing arrangement applies from 
the date of commencement of continuous service with the 
university. 

The plan of death benefit payments is operative from 
year to year at the option of the university. While it is 
believed that the board of trustees of the university will de- 
sire to continue the plan of death benefit payments in- 
definitely, the right is reserved by the board of trustees to 
discontinue or modify said plan. 

Several libraries report that the librarian, and, in some 
cases, other members of the library staff, are eligible for a 
pension under the Carnegie pension system or from the 
Teachers’ Insurance and Annuity Association of America 
or some other.system of pensions or retirement allowance. 
The only such system reported, conducted by the university 
itself, is at the University of Chicago. The provisions of 
this system do not, at present, apply to any members of the 
library staff except the director and the associate director. 





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LIBRARIES MENTIONED IN VOLUME I 


COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 


Beelpie (COUCKE Aan mak ars cee ee Brooklyn, N. Y. 
miabamia tr olvtechnic Institute”, 24+, .5 2, Auburn, Ala. 
Breer eUIversity; a ke ce ee eee Alfred, N. Y. 
BetaneroteOllCVer oe re ihe ere te otk Amherst, Mass. 
BOC ROM CIE Me aia weet ti ee ke ST ar ee Yellow Springs, O. 
Perticoudre UILVetSILy Oli ss Gc vein theta ie Tucson, Ariz. 
Pameaneas, WIIVersity Ol) wisp ewe. ote we Fayetteville, Ark. 
BEOUAM SOILED Ee ccs tee aes oe nen es otis rea Aurora, III. 

MSBLES SOILCS Coe cs ee hc s oil 8 cg OR ee Lewiston, Me. 
POLES CO Gar, ce tie once eh hed eetne ere he Beloit, Wis. 

Re EBLITILVCT SLY Cn coe eres ans otiets cote oe Providence, R. I. 
Bre MA Wie COMGCUE ita. ones es Ree ee Bryn Mawr, Pa. 
at Oitine CMiVeLsity, Oloyuouo. Soviet ete Berkeley, Calif. 
TION OCC Cie ace ie Onis viol a Ue Northfield, Minn. 
Carnegie Institute of Technology.......... Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Catholic University of America........... Washington, D. C. 
ent ral COUCCE <x tar cies e ie eect Pella, Ia. 
RETIOASOSLITILVELrSILY: Of vane cons rene tree oe Chicago, III. 
Perticiiniatios WIVETSItV. Ol — Weve. ce ae se Cincinnati, O. 
ESC AUNIVErSILY cee hs sinc Lewes seh Worcester, Mass. 
PCHISONMCOMEI CLR cautery cots ats Clemson College, S. C. 
eV OMOCCM CS Aten ala nanclett ci eens are Waterville, Me. 
aloaLCMBCIIIIVERSIL Vier. oe oe sie ees oes cree Hamilton, N. Y. 
PO PAO Mm IIVCISICY: Olmert ra. tien toh ne Boulder, Colo. 
Colorado, Western State College of....... Gunnison, Colo. 

Pe MOTAUORCOLERC pate cet irae ees Colorado Springs, Colo. 
MISA OED Cae i air este sae alk Dubuque, Ia. 
MD DIAWUDIVErsil Veer ce orl ae occas sates New York City 
MORCOTULAMCEOLICU Geen Uine cs ears ect: Seine Moorhead, Minn. 
Connecticut College for Women.......... New London, Conn. 
MATICIIISOUEOCM DC Bare are weheee ian Mount Vernon, Ia. 
POM LONIVETSILY bore cn es soe eS atleniel es Linacass NunyYs 

War NOUR Ol eee cea cat tae ee ns tare: Hanover, N. H. 
PGMINSOULUONCUCS. nk Wet, eee te 3d pace Cumberland, Pa. 
DUP ACMA I TIVELSILV atecas ahi ocs ee pts aad weenie es Des Moines, Ia. 
POTCRELRLLIStiilCOmem ato: hoe ve tect sete oases Philadelphia, Pa. 
PPURKERLINIVELSILY fur wits snes cites ete Vea Durham, N. C. 
PemrOby el niVersitvien hoc ee et ede. Emory University, Ga. 
PI POTLAM OLLCCO me ait Ae eee ote cee ses Emporia, Kans. 
RTP ica OMe TG Wei ce hed siecle Oatte eke id Eureka, Ill. 
Georgia School of Technology............ Atlanta, Ga. 
Georgia State College for Women........ Milledgeville, Ga. 


281 


282 APPENDIX 


Goticher 1 Colleg6se owen. aerate ee Baltimore, Md. 
(ITEENSHOLO a COMER etme wren re eee ee one Greensboro, N. C. 
icrinnelisColeges se wre omer aie aes ee Grinnell, Ia. 

Grove. Crtyy Colleges. onc cast ste aaate Grove City, Pa. 
Hamilton®Collegé wimceiaack Go. tetanerce ee Clinton, N. Y. 
Elanoverha College tes dc stein ee ence Hanover, Ind. 
Harvard: Universitya serie. ce ee eee Cambridge, Mass. 
Havyertordtiolevetieeey secre e an een Haverford, Pa. 
LGOdGOUCTE ein i ace tata eer ase Frederick, Md. 
Ilsnoiss Waiversity sot. ne: wee mee ie nee ae Urbana, II. 
Indiana se Giversitva Or ens ose ee ee ee Bloomington, Ind. 
LOWar UIVErSitye Olen er eer nnoe ee Iowa City, Ia. 

Iowa State College of Agriculture........ Ames, la. 

fowai WeslévansGolleceyes c.G sae a Mt. Pleasant, la. 
ohns etlopkins: Universitymers: t,o a tee Baltimore, Md. 
KalamadzooaWollese mins oe a en ee Kalamazoo, Mich. 
WansasisU Uiver silvs Olen Hi ae neat ae er ee Lawrence, Kans, 
Kansas State; dieachers College 27) a0 Emporia, Kans. 
Kansas" Wesleyan’ Univetsity. «.. os .c008s- 6 Salina, Kans. 
Kentucky, aU niversity, Ole. eee eee Lexington, Ky. 
Kenyon? College tincs, seis On aetna ee Gambier, O. 

Kono ollé rege a tse meee seems Galesburg, IIL. 
LaGrange, Colecemact ace. eee eet ees La Grange, Ga. 
Lebanon. ValleyoCollesega.2. ee ee Annville, Pa. 
Lehioh= University). ween cine Bethlehem, Pa. 
Poisiatia Colleces...) sce eee ee ue Pinevillestlal 
DuthersCollégene.. aes aati earth aeertte Decorah, la. 

Maine 2 University Ob. aaeo ial oo eee eee Orono, Me. 
Mancltester tC cliegesr arcmin cu i eee eae North Manchester, Ind. 
Marshall: College ri pee pa cat ae eee Huntington, W. Va. 
Miamietiniversitya chee meet Oxford, O. 
Michizan wUiniversity Obese see eterna Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Middlebury2Colleve ee sa. ee ee ee Middlebury, Vt. 
Milles Collecave eet ee enone Mills College, Calif. 
Milton Gollege arcsec oats cs ree ae Milton, Wis. 
Milwaukee-Downer College .............. Milwaukee, Wis. 
Minnesota, (University ofite.. caene Minneapolis, Minn. 
Missouri, @University ota. cu. sen eee Columbia, Mo. 
Montana. University: Op ee a Missoula, Mont. 
Montana States@allever ss.) uente en Bozeman, Mont. 
Mount Holyokercolleges: 04.2 ee South Hadley, Mass. 
Mount) Unionelollerein s....22 ae ee Alliance, O. 
Muskineum=: Golleren ccc. a. an cee eee New Concord, O. 
Nebraska nIversitya tar wt 7 ete ae oe Lincoln, Neb. 
Nebraska Wesleyan University ........... University Place, Neb. 
New Mexico, University: of. oo) te ee Albuquerque, N. M. 


North Carolina, Wntwersityzote 9.7). oeeen Chapel Hill, N. C. 


APPENDIX 283 


North Carolina College for Women....... Greensboro, N. C. 
North Dakota, University of ............ Grand Forks, N. D. 
North Dakota Agricultural College....... Parco; (No): 
motnuesstern  Lniversity: 2.545). 2<20.03 58. Boston, Mass. 
Northwestern University... 6.226) .0.02.5 Evanston, [il. 
Notre Dame, University of............... Notre Dame, Ind. 
erin Dueve ys. oo tte ses ee AN ee ess Oberlin, O. 
Pio wotate Wniversitviet. bas coho. bee ee Columbus, O. 
Ohio Wesleyan University ............... Delaware, O. 
Peauoiies LINIVErsNYUOE, ous tse te bee 3 6 as Norman, Okla. 
Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical 

MOCO EM oe Cone eee oh boe keno tee Stillwater, Okla. 
Peete OU ESO ire oe, See ee eh eke en ses Olivet, Mich. 
POLE OUI TIVELSItVNO? © ok oc) et ea es Eugene, Ore. 
Oregon State Agricultural College........ Corvallis, Ore. 
Penisyivania, University Of) 0. .00 25-44 20. Philadelphia, Pa. 
metisyivatia otate Golere: oo). Tt State College, Pa. 
PertSOUrelie UIIVETSILY OL Ae oo) he tae 5 bee Pittsburgh, Pa. 
POURS O COOL eres eee tere pares Claremont, Calif. 
BITE OMe LITLIVETSILY Pat oe ect ee ee oe Princeton, N. J. 
Pete OUNG LOCO Gant. som tact hee ne nee Tacoma, Wash. 
PEOCETS RC OUCE Eee ces Sola oe Oe, Cee as Charlotte, N. C. 
PeICIIeMDlCr ea nage n ct ere Cambridge, Mass. 
PAPUN SOLES Et AG adie e ks nt een lsc Ripon, Wis. 
Peociestery. UDiversitviasd ©. © coteinenis tniee ss Rochester, N. Y. 
HUTCH COUCRE Mm nee ie ote sect sew te Alton, Ill. 
SMS COMER CMe oe lene om State saat Boston, Mass. 
BIE SORMEREO LIE | cartier hers wre tate’ | elave-a: Indianola, Ia. 
PTTL HES Caen aie eis WE et oe ce ints Northampton, Mass. 
Bout acolta.. University: Of i258 tees. ae Vermillion, S. D. 
South Dakota State College of Agri- 

PiCire nO WL eChaniGAT ts Ors tiwe <> <ieis Brookings, S. D. 
ral OPOmeLiliversity materi. sheet Oia ie sc Stanford University, 

Calif. 

PY Ea CUISee IN VCDSILY ree ee ele aS aie diet aie Syracuse, N. Y. 
bennessee, University of 2.22.0 002.....3. Knoxville, Tenn. 
rex acu TL VETSl(ViOlicieNss Oy coe ens ca cts Austin, Tex. 
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical 

REL C MM Res cr oes sie se Oat Winrn ss College Station, Tex. 
SexaSeifaStiatl UTIVErsity Givi. ee se =e Fort Worth, Tex. 
eranicvivatiia es COLCTE a0). s,. See < bes we tien Lexington, Ky. 
EL ISEESEOUEPE Pt. Ondo ee et teee tale wiecone Medford, Mass. 
University of Southern California........ Los Angeles, Calif. 
RUTIVELSIL YAO LAC DOU S oe cutee see isne ow 2 oe Sewanee, Tenn. 
CITA IDIVELSIEVT Ole tie roa. seeks re aie wee Salt Lake City, Utah 


NE PSST aC OLLC Outer, A ache Big a oly alee Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 


284 APPENDIX 


Vermority Wniversity.ott..-4 1. ee ea Burlington, Vt. 
Wirtitiam Li niversity .01L we. sae ert aera Charlottesville, Va. 
Washington otates Wolleve ,ofe. mee ee a. Pullman, Wash. 
Washington University: of vatinesnandan Seattle, Wash. 
Washington and Jefferson College........ Washington, Pa. 
Washington and Lee University.......... Lexington, Va. 
Washington aU niversitvas i eo een tere! St. Louis, Mo. 
Wrellesleyi: Gollegemey ey meneame tara Wellesley, Mass. 
Weslevann Colleveast eve. carci ta tee mer neves Macon, Ga. 
WoesleyanuUniversitvaw «hac ote eee Middletown, Conn. 
West. Virginia ws University iets nie es. Morgantown, W. Va. 
Western Maryland: Gollewe ~.2-02.... 4. 4: Westminster, Md. 
Western Reserve University, College 

LOLIVY OM El eras see oo eee oe Cleveland, O. 
Westminsters@ ollevennmec tn 2. ae ere Bee Fulton, Mo. 
Wihitinand Gollesem aris a oes ee eee Walla Walla, Wash. 
WV ISCONSIN epUIILEVErSlivel@ lute sce ann tere nares Madison, Wis. 
WittenberomColleresmire. seas tie ee oe Springfield, O. 
Wyoming mUiniversitviOlm celia soe Laramie, Wyo. 
NY alew A niversitygieuaeer estonia ei acrter New Haven, Conn. 


Pusiic LIBRARIES 


Albany Win cae vete poe mete ee tere Albany Public Library 

Alburolian Caen center, ees Alburgh Public Library 

Allegany Michsar. sree eke Allegan Public Library 

Alpena: Micha. snanee mrss Alpena Public Library 

Alton, lis earate sopise. tan Jennie D. Hayner Free Library As- 
sociation 

Anniston, Alas. cn au@e cue Carnegie Library 

Ansonia G@onunien vos emer Ansonia Library 

Atlanta @ Game gem tots a Carnegie Library of Atlanta 

Atlanta I gepeneiee tee a ao Atlanta Public Library 

Auburn seNGeys metre cer ce on Seymour Library 

Avot Stain [iam cena teenies ete Augusta Public Library 

Ayersi:Massaynretn ee Ayer Library 

Bangor Memetes tae Bangor Public Library 

Batavia; clN pak varices wae ea ae Richmond Memorial Library 

Battle Creek, Mich. .......... Battle Creek Public School Library 

BayaGity,) Michie eec cer r Bay City Public Library 

Belleville 41a ee Belleville Public Library 

Bellingham, Wash. .......... Bellingham Free Public Libraries 

BellowsiFallsav teeny os Rockingham Free Public Library 

Belmontuilass:4 404 ee Belmont Public Library 

Benton; Harbora Michie +... Benton Harbor Public Library 

Berkeley .Galifgiucemeceen: 8 Berkeley Public Library 


Bethichemsei ane. oe ee Bethlehem Public Library 


APPENDIX 285 


MSEVELIV UNLASS! Tricia tO see i <6 Beverly Public Library 

COE LOTC, WMG ree OE EG, 32 62 Biddeford Public Library 
Peis S Seve ON bey i Mobete sw e'el ow fd Parmly Billings Memorial Library 
PAM LOU eos Ya. wae. oh Binghamton Public Library 
eres Nati Ould oe > as ts Birmingham Public Library 
Black River Falls, Wis....... Black River Falls Public Library 
PePEUTICLOS ONG. |. oieatsion ame Bloomfield Public Library 
“SLete Ta RSS Eee a oa Ericson Public Library 

PeStGlis MASS) wah dado e Aen Public Library of the City of Boston 
Bred Ori-. a, ue baie. Carnegie Public Library 
ReTACIODOLOL Vv tutes Arde. Brattleboro Public Library 
Bridgehampton, Nw Y.¢..% 6g). Hampton Library 

mimaecport, COUN... ase acch Bridgeport Public Library 
EGC KION UoVLASS. Wee tr wie ae soe Brockton Public Library 
BrooklineaMass... ie 0. 108. Brookline Public Library 
BSUOOKIV LGN Yuet core ee « Brooklyn Public Library 

PPR ALO EN AY oe ccd eee eee ee Buffalo Public Library 

IS Carl VESTN tee ras ids cloiees aes Buhl Public Library 

PEM UAIG GCAll tm eee ats Burlingame Public Library 
ESAS Cte eRe Be elt cos. vies Butler Public Library 
Meanie) Os ren. eee ae Cambridge Public Library 
ampiidveg@itys Indi. sen sy se Cambridge City Public Library 
featnden,) Mesee eae ad ess Camden Public Library 

eC CHWIN G | co okie ats mene Free Public Library 

eanastota,,, No Yastaot ssa ase Canastota Public Library 

RPA COIL LASS: 9705 145 ds abae ee Canton Public Library 
PATOL er Ame le wares ce aioe Green Free Library 

Petar Aplasetiaw sca bee aoe Cedar Rapids Public Library 
Re tralian eee cig iets Ser elas Centralia Public Library 
Renata Dal ote Limes eya © eee Champaign Public Library 
ONSET ST EEE 3 ES aR Sipe) ee Free Public Library 
PIBPLESCOWN, eeNGeTLe. culties sare Silsby Free Public Library 
anole, LMICN or. ecko lee Free Public Library 

Pera Ltiel Ge WL inTite ahar setae oe Chatfield Public Library 
hattaooga sel en Mevsss os 00% Chattanooga Public Library 
mueboyean, Mich, © sige es 0: Carnegie Free Library 
ei ae On Lil oe cies cel ae Peters Chicago Public Library 
Ghinpewaclalls Wis. 3.5% ec Chippewa Falls Public Library 
Chisholm Mint ies ad e 2 Chisholm Public Library 

SCE Ee O Rt SR tine res Public Library of Cincinnati 
levelanitie lS oie), cadres ‘cc ss4 Cleveland Public Library 
Cleveland Heights, O......... Cleveland Heights Public Library 
eOronado. Galit med. chi s asc: Coronado Public Library 
Police sOlUnS ia sett t. tans Free Public Library 

GX SACKLOn aN SEY cote hacia 2 Heermance Memorial Library 
alas te LOX. ake pe chee Dallas Public Library 


OF yen, CON t aan te fie, Danbury Library 


286 APPENDIX 


Dansville). N S.YaPe ee ree fos Dansville Public Library 
Danvers, \Massniyian puede. foes Peabody Institute Library 
Dan villeptiln eee aaah ett Danville Public Library 
Dartmouth Mass. eye fy. oe Dartmouth Free Public Library 
Davenporthlanes. ae eels Davenport Public Library 
DaytoneO hs aiecaists ae eee ee Dayton Public Library 
Decatur? Lane ate oe aes Free Public Library 

Delavan; lila eye sate ee se Ayer Public Library 
DeliaiGolowin. moka: Delta Public Library 

Denver. Cologee ti, Serco: oe Denver Public Library 
Derby, Conmethe sees ees Derby Public Library 

Dest Moines srael... = tam seen: ae Des Moines Public Library 
Hetroit.. Michwivacaten ae cee Detroit Public Library 

Dixon aller ieee ene see Dixon Public Library 

Dublin Gar eee ae ees ate oe Carnegie Library 

Duluth Mint Gers a. eke oe tas Duluth Public Library 
Dunkirk Noey ois sere etree. Dunkirk Free Library 

East: Cleveland) Qantas. East Cleveland Public Library 
Eastilhiverpool-Qiwac 407s Carnegie Public Library 

East Orancve Nala era Free Public Library of East Orange 
BastvRockawayan7 on oe es Baiseley Free Library 

EAS co LalsOUls iii pein es East St. Louis Public Library 
Els Centro, Galrisa tere ee El Centro Public Library 
Elizabeth, (Noa. nee ees eee Free Public Library 
Hilineton-sConut gus. ceigoe aan Hall Memorial Library 
Enoch Pratt Free Library....Baltimore, Md. 

Escondido. Caltt.. sinclar Escondido Public Library 
Evanstongpillant ie sees oe Evanston Public Library 
Evyansvilless lndrtau. cee Public Library of Evansville 
Feveleth, Minnhs.%. civggee:-ee Eveleth Public Library 
Everett, (Wash... 34580 2. sera Everett Public Library 
Haithope:, Ala & 2s a eee Fairhope Public Library 
Bairmontyy Mint) eee ae ae Fairmont Public Library 
Hindlay iO.) ete, eerie Findlay Public Library 

Fitch ire Massy sacs hee ters Fitchburg Public Library 
Fitzgerald; Gave eeeteowes © ee Carnegie Library 

Flint Mich segs acuta ss Flint Public Library 

Horbes siibraryieie... eae. ae Northampton, Mass. 

Fort Atkinson; Wis. ©2002 .: <0. Dwight Foster Public Library 
Hort’. W orth exe ein. Sees Carnegie Public Library 
Galesbiite a ties Cee. ne Galesburg Free Public Library 
Galion Ci puree ease Metarerer eee <eanete Galion Public Library 
Gallipolis” Osiris atock sme Gallipolis Public Library 
Galveston lc) ex. when ate ter: Rosenberg Library 

Gardner Mass mimic. te ai Levi Heywood Memorial Library 
(arylnds seu eet en Gary Public Library 


Glencoe Tiere rns eile s ode Glencoe Public Library 


APPENDIX 287 


SATU REGS 9 ee Gees Crandall Free Library 
EATING G PTA ASSN eis hk Ce a se via Free Public Library 

Grand Rapids, Mich. ......... Grand Rapids Public Library 
Peat bent: Kans. ns. ots Great Bend Public Library 
reat ralis” Monti: 30. Great Falls Public Library 
PeLeriie say. VV ise 30k.) Sak es 3h Kellogg Public Library 
Pereere et Ye coke: te cette, he Moore Memorial Library 
BILECNSUCTO MN yea tees OL Greensboro Public Library 
RPO VICr) Clon ce wile ee cee Carnegie Library 

isrosyenor Lubrary 222.245... Buffalo, N. Y. 

Bamralitois Masse apa ec sos Free Public Library 
Brena agian, noi Harrisburg Public Library 
PraetrOrd. (Ont et ey: creas Hartford Public Library 
RPAH INL ASS. Rares aoe oe in Free Public Library 

PAAVT ESE OL s tare ae wok te Havre Public Library 

PO eAlGSbUTe Galife? eink ota Healdsburg Carnegie Public Library 
nb Tale Wg lotciee Oe ok dat an are Helena Public Library 
Bertani Pliny *.h;.. oe eor oa. Hibbing Public Library 
Piroulander ary Liew, J tie Highland Park Public Library 
Piienianier ark Michie). eee McGregor Public Library 
PtGUSTON,| cLeXiami* vciy ts ale Houston Public Library 
PAUSON IM ASSoed kh eh eee ok Hudson Public Library 
Pana polls Inds, oo. ee es Indianapolis Public Library 
RT RATALY, 1 LAs be oe, eee 8 Iowa City Public Library 
PEO OU Rite, chic oe ete Briggs Library 

tsle-tca, Mottes V tide fine. |. Sa6 Isle La Motte Public Library 
PACK SON Villers tila aig sos nee Free Public Library 
MacesOtville, LL Weare. oses « Jacksonville Public Library 
PatieetOws se iY cite oe neds ste James Prendergast Free Library 
MALESVILLETRVVIS Ur oboe teen a ss Janesville Public Library 
RersCV eCity n Nis lick ee Free Public Library 
orsevyille.® Lis ies. ke: Jerseyville Free Library 
POun (retreat LAbraryes. sce os Chicago, Ill. 

OCC tll. eee eS kee ies Joliet Public Library 
MOOI: wetness emer’ Free Public Library 

Pe a atazOO, MIC. See tes a oe. Kalamazoo Public Library 
arisaSEGily aMO.u este os Ske Kansas City Public Library 
Poca ee VV ASS es oe Sere es ate Free Public Library 
PeCOOSiad Wis: eens sae Gilbert M. Simmons Library 
eC lant aoe eie ee ee Keokuk Public Library 
PNUOUIT VV IS Rete ek. hee Kilbourn Public Library 
RNORVIIC, PLENnnveger ie 5 ce Lawson McGhee Library 
GK OLIOPEELILC Wee ete ieee to Carnegie Public Library 
MACONIas ING Elo els Beek ees 8 Laconia Public Library 
POTeLOSSe, WV igre so. as cee La Crosse Public Library 
PAKGstaeOLe ere Yon oases « Caldwell-Lake George Public Library 


Pakewood.aa).) cusses ae ede Lakewood Public Library 


288 APPENDIX 


Bebanonve Lod. maar nea te Lebanon Public Library 

LEE WIStOllPE LG. eae ee ere Lewiston Public Library 

DLEX ISTO ts Vee tte. erence Lexington Public Library 
ibraryuor. COneTessave ccs Washington, D. C. 

Pitre CO) See eee ee Lima Public Library 

EeTiCOUT Litt poet eae tae oe Lincoln Public Library 
LtChieid a Lilie ee eee eee Carnegie Public Library 

Littles ROCK eA TC ere os eee Little Rock Public Library 
Dope Beachy Ga it mee ae ae Long Beach Public Library 
Noswingeless Caltsan see ee Los Angeles Public Library 
LPOUISViILLG my eee rer en ene? Louisville Free Public Library 
MeoWeesoort basta. ton oes Carnegie Free Library 
Madrson ia VV isan ete ee ‘es Madison Free Library 
Manhattanms Anse yee ee Carnegie Free Public Library 
NM acCiettenVLICKnn ete aie sts Peter White Public Library 
NIASOLPE CIty ms aomrteteeiin creme tae Mason City Public Library 
Massillon pean ame ce re Massillon City School District Library 
MWemphisy ylelin enw nia aa ae Cossitt Library 

Mendoiwesl assim ie oe eee Taft Public Library 

Merdonj. Mich wretc tet eee Free Public Library 

Nentor Ore een, tant e re: Mentor Village Library 
Methuén Massie icn wees ee Nevins Memorial Library 
Michigan State Library ...... Lansing, Mich. 
IMiddletowitmiNvy cert caer Thrall Library 

MIGCIetO Wire Cl mete eee ene Free Public Library 

Miliord VM assure tener Milford Town Library 
Minneapolis, Minn. .......... Minneapolis Public Library 
INE OTLLCIAIL aE ele le te ere Free Public Library 

Moscow tidanom.oteeenet ee Moscow Public Library 

Mount Vernon; Ni Y.48.2 2.7. Mount Vernon Public Library 
Mount.y erncn © a ee Mount Vernon Public Library 
Mountain Iron, Minn. ....... Mountain Iron Public Library 
Mince # indian. vc cre cence Muncie Public Library 
Muskegotie Michie se ear Hackley Public Library 
MArskogce sO) Kiawer sa) epee Muskogee Public Library 
Nashville hent meee. eee Carnegie Library 

National *Gity 3 @alitgn. vce National City Public Library 
Névada City, Cali tween nes Nevada City Free Library 
New Bedford, Mass. ........ Free Public Library 

New Britain, “Conn. 3.2.52... New Britain Institute 

New Brunswick, N. J........ Free Public Library 

New. CastlettPame er ose Free Public Library 

New Gloucester, Me. ........ New Gloucester Public Library 
New Harmony, Ind. ......... New Harmony Workingmen’s Institute 
News Haven)’ Conte...) 040. Free Public Library 

IN EW LOndOMmarN setae eee New London Town Library 


News Orleanspy tate ie New Orleans Public Library 


APPENDIX 289 


New Rochelle, N. Y......... New Rochelle Public Library 
Bee LEG AAT ph vi etery beatin New York Public Library 

New York State Library......Albany, N. Y. 

LET gi toh] id BR Tat Mighell Free Public Library 

yA EO aan Ca aoa arene Newark Public Library 

Mewatk Valley NoYes Tappan-Spaulding Memorial Library 
EVEWDCLIY LADrary (. 04 caieey sad Chicago, Ill. 

PLE WEOtl, (UVLASS ce. Whicker a Newton Free Library 

Brit ero, bVitlinrs roe oe Adee 2 North Hero Public Library 

Up Eg Eva e A Ge Th Pd ead TR Se a Oakland Free Library 

PUG ae Alla wt nutcase Carnegie Free Library 
Wxlaboma City,(Okla. ...224.% Carnegie Library 

Piaia Neb.) net atlas rss os Omaha Public Library 

ReNV ALON TAs Vit tes cae, Owatonna Public Library 
PPCLOLO IN Say BO ce nein eye Oxford Memorial Library 

AURa Teta LET Re Com me @ epee Co Oxnard Public Library 

BATRA Lier et, sack BP ta eis ove s Carnegie-Schuyler Library 

Pat SAGEO A, alll bau h tienes Pasadena Public Library 

BEALE SOI ING oe ict ka ow hiss Free Public Library 

TOES A Llane ee eae are oo tte Peoria Public Library 

PPCTATPOL LS oa est te eins eee cee Peru Public Library 

BP LesOitT? Hueio a tale te), ice at Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 
Platisouiohey Noack atte oe) Plattsburgh Public Library 
POMONA Leen eee Sit Y 4 Pomona Public Library 

BOiitiaCs Ll mieee ieee ae cater Pontiac Public Library 

ECA Ty VEX bn oe ei ae Memorial Library 

Porsacienry; Not VY is.s.. < ce OY os Sherman Free Library 

Mera OT Ca, er ae are Library Association of Portland 
| Fea} a BLP Sa ee Ren Pottsville Free Public Library 
Pouehkeepsice, Ni Yoo. 2. i. su - Adriance Memorial Library 
Pratt Institute Free Library... Brooklyn, N. Y. 

SOPOCLOD MY Crh ot ee ria aS Proctor Free Library 

PPTEDLO RU IOIO che o del he etree. McClelland Public Library 
Queens Borough, N. Y........ Queens Borough Public Library 
BreCIG OU WVIS. Es amet it ini ae. Racine Public Library 

ecm it wOalitis van weet «. Herbert Kraft Free Public Library 
Redondo Beach, Calif. ....... Redondo Beach Public Library 
LCVOCIUS EL IDLALY OG soc earch b as Rochester, N. Y. 

Richfield “Springs, N. Y....... Richfield Springs Public Library 
RpcumOni at a time. ee ene, Richmond Public Library 
SOCHIMTON CCC Baur. escorts hi. Morrisson-Reeves Library 
VTE Pc ee Ee ARI ape Carnegie Library 

RAI eWOOGI Ni 8 ac ee cis George L. Pease Memorial Library 
Riversige sical l tic, freee Riverside Public Library 
SOOCTICSTED IN 28 ewe oie aks siete Shes Rochester Public Library 
PORLOTO Le a ets ae ot Rockford Public Library 


TUE T Ya he 3 Mp Oe oe Oe A A en Rutland Free Library 


290 APPENDIX 


SacontMeryyet cua ner nee: Dyer Library Association 

SACTAMENTO mealtime, eter ad City Free Library 

Saeitia wy Michie en oer eas Saginaw Public Libraries 

Stor OSEDH MOM Osteen ere St. Joseph Public Library 

SieLouisy a Mouerere aera ee St. Louis Public Library 

SePaul Minne Wiese eee St. Paul Public Library 

St beter ei Intawa iat eens St. Peter Public Library 

Salem? Mass nun yGace a te Salem Public Library 

paltuLakes City W tah era, Salt Lake City Public Library 

SanvAntonio, gelexi awe oes Carnegie Library 

pane bernardino, alin eon Free Public Library 

San Bernardino County, Calif...San Bernardino County Free Library 

DaneLiccom Gali heer nen sae. San Diego Public Library 

Sangh rancisco; Calif eee. San Francisco Public Library 

Sane tase Opispom Galliren.. 3 San Luis Obispo Free Public Library 

SantacbarbaraaG@alit enews: Santa Barbara Free Public Library 

Santae Monica, s@allsene a. sae Santa Monica Public Library 

Santauhosa,sG@aiiterss concn 0 Free Public Library 

saukatentres Minti. ve... 3. Bryant Library 

Savannah tsa. see eee ee Savannah Public Library 

SchitylervilleJoN none occ et a2 Schuylerville Free Library 

ScottdaletRads.. ee eens Scottdale Free Public Library 

Scranton Pace eee ee Scranton Public Library 

Seattle Washzrw ses. cee eee Seattle Public Library 

bedalian Moti ts er eine eee Sedalia Public Library 

SevMOUr, ACOND, Weca ere nee nee Seymour Public Library 

Shermans NOSY coi ee eee Minerva Free Library 

shertiat hex ser see eae Sherman Public Library 

Sidtsatityetawe. «sh eee Sioux City Public Library 

Siotixepalls mow Lis. see ane Carnegie Free Public Library 

SKOWHeranp le aren Free Public Library 

Somerville; Mass mess J... Public Library of the City of Somer- 
ville 

SOULDME ALS i ML Gnuas ey ieee Paris Public Library 

Sparta st Wises ooo ene Sparta Free Library 

SprinetieldLilge enn ce oes Lincoln Library 

Sorinchcld sClvies ee eee te Warder Public Library 

Sonncheld say Gar taco Springfield Town Library 

sterling Ne een ae Sterling Public Library 

sterling; assem errr eee Sterling Public Library 

Stockton, shcalten saree wer ee Stockton Public Library 

StOCKtON kN tae Lr eo Mary E. Seymour Memorial Library 

SUPETION AN eDapotue ies ae. Superior Public Library 

SUPELIOTAVW 15ers, pee Superior Public Library 

SYPAacuse,wN cul tee ee a ee ae Syracuse Public Library 

[Pacoma:nVVasiieneene ne ee Tacoma Public Library 


LAM Daw Bias is Cray gokart ney ae Tampa Public Library 


APPENDIX 291 


SPSL VCs OL sae ee Taylorville Public Library 

mers riate, Inds fs oes. ss es Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library 

iompsonvillé, Conn. .... 4... Enfield Free Public Library 

Meri WIG ADOT, 73 Yenc bc eee Thorntown Public Library 

PaneOG ML) ay. tree sete. Toledo Public Library 

SeeetitOiis IN wo). ees 5s aay ee Free Public Library 

erent, Yat eet ee eek Troy Public Library 

USHCES UG] 9 EA Sian aes arate a Tulsa Public Library 

Limatilla County, Ore. .....'.. Umatilla County Library 

University Place, Neb. ....... University Place Public Library 

PDA ALIAS. pe ete ere srs e's Upland Public Library 

‘Ty Vs ON DB IN hae agi are Be Urbana Free Library 

VS EATERS Gein SE Reale RA eel Utica Public Library 

SeaciOr alsin. ts ee ae ae Vallejo Public Library 

wentura County, Calif. <0. 1. Ventura County Free Library 

Bigs irita eM iN es eo hs ces ot Virginia Public Library 

RV mPelt me MASSo ye se, Lucius Beebe Memorial Library 

PDO a DL AGS No roel a A, Walpole Public Library 

RECT CC) ie tt Pas oe a wie Warren Public Library 

Dy at TeUsSOUre AING. Yo) oa Richards Library 

Beastie rOt le Can ge, Public Library of the District of 
Columbia 

BVeLeLOliry p COUnN. 7.050. ales Silas Bronson Library 

PetetiCOre lacie 6 AO ct at Waterloo Public Library 

Wratertawn,-Mass. ....2...... Free Public Library 

WaICat VV IS tre ke le: Wausau Public Library 

Wretlatchee a Washs 20.9.2. ses Carnegie Public Library 

WV est PA Gs WiSA s fucaescd hss West Allis Public Library 

West Bridgewater, Mass.....West Bridgewater Public Library 

Mestavyarwictk Re Jo Gono. .: Pawtuxet Valley Free Library 

Neti erivvE Ralls tau e fue Westerly Public Library 

WinerasIOUL arias ots oe Tufts Library 

Oates atl ee oe ace, Wichita City Library 

WYN SeUre mb awe et Carnegie Free Library 

Mrabtamsnort Pas occ cscs fk « James V. Brown Library 

WSEWLGSS geet OPS 1h 0 teeta aot ta a Free Public Library 

NVvilminetonw Dele s) 6254 wa Wilmington Institute Free Library 

Wilmineton* Mass. -..+.is\..,. Wilmington Public Library 

Pe min eto No Gee ok kis Wilmington Public Library 

Winchester; Mass. 2.5 ace as Winchester Public Library 

Moma te MINT hcg te oles Free Public Library 

Myiniston—oalem, ON Gus a. ss Carnegie Public Library 

NST TEC Se SN Dee a Woodstock Public Library 

BE SCOCICSUN Cine 4h! tu58 laa ss Norman Williams Public Library 

RAOEROSLCE: ol ASR se ee & Sass ws «5 Free Public Library 

WY VALLOOLG MICK ile seach ss Wyandotte Public Library 


RISEICON SOON AT Yio rn oo eee ale hic Yonkers Public Library 





INDEX 


A 


Accessions. Information given 
to borrowers concerning books 
ordered, 73-74. 

Statistics of books pur- 

chased in Brookline Public 

Library, 75-76. 

Temporary records of re- 
cent accessions, 73-74, 232-37. 

Acknowledgment of gifts, 81-82, 
242. 

Acquisitions, number of, in re- 
lation to size of staff needed 
in university libraries, 271-73. 

Adelphi College, 210. 

Advisory library board in St. 
Paul, 19-20. 

Age limits in appointment of 
staff in public libraries, 116. 
Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 

208, 209. 

Albany, N. Y., Public Library, 
30,37, 239, 

Alburgh, Vt., Public Library, 64. 

Alfred University, 208, 209. 

Allegan, Mich., Public Library, 
50. 

Alpena, Mich., Public Library, 
47. 








Alton, IIL, Jennie D. Hayner 
Free Library Association, 51. 


American Antiquarian Society, 
245. 


American Library Association. 
Committees on a union list of 
periodicals and resources of 
American libraries, 247-48. 


Amherst College. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 225-26; 
departmental libraries, 172, 
173; library committee, 162; 
temporary cataloging of new 
accessions, 232-33. Also pages 


1977 (198702053 4243), 200.8 208, 
269, 270, 274. 
Anniston, Ala., 

brary, 52. 

Ansonia, Conn., Public Library, 
43. 

Antioch College, 208. 

Appointment of public 
trustees, 21. 

Appointment of staff. See Staff 
appointments. 

Apportionment of book funds. 
See Book funds of college 
libraries. 

Appraisal of books by volunteer 
readers, 68-71. 

Approval privilege in book se- 
lection, 71-72. 

Arizona. Law governing ap- 
pointment of librarians of pub- 
lic libraries, 115. 

Arizona, University of, 206, 207, 
23/2 20/, 270, 

Arkansas, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
215. Also pages 206, 207, 232, 
270. 

Assistant librarians, college li- 
braries. Salaries, 264-65. 
Assistant librarians, public li- 
braries. Qualifications, 126. 

Salaries, 137-38. 


Carnegie Li- 


library 





Assistants in college libraries. 
Salaries, 264-65. 
Assistants in public libraries. 


Qualifications, 128-29. 

Salaries, 137-38. 

Atlanta, Ga., Carnegie Library 
of, 150. 

Atlanta, Il, Public Library, 50. 

Auburn, N. Y., Seymour Li- 
brary, 42, 114. 

Augusta, Ill, Public Library, 48. 

Aurora College, 210. 

Ayer, Mass., Library, 49. 





295 


294 
B 


Baltimore. See 
Free Library. 
Bangor, Me., Public Library, 22, 
68, 150, 246. 

Batavia, N. Y. Richmond Me- 
morial Library, 43. 

Bates College, 195, 206, 207, 208, 
220. 

Battle Creek, Mich, 
School Library, 114. 
Bay City, Mich., Public Library, 

Ad 


Enoch Pratt 


Public 


“Begging letters” soliciting gifts, 
79-80. 

Belleville, Ill. 
43. 

Bellingham, Wash., Free Public 
Library, 43. 

Bellows Falls, Vt., Rockingham 
Free Public Library, 51. 

Belmont, Mass., Public Library, 
43. 

Beloit College, 267. 

Benton Harbor, Mich., Public 
Library, 51. 

Berkeley, Calif., Public Library. 
Appointments, 126; city man- 
ager government, 19; depart- 
ments, 25; local history, 58. 
Also pages 23, 31, 32, 34, 35, 
92, 118, 149, 154. 

Bethlehem, Pa., Public Library, 
42. 

Beverly, Mass., Public Library, 
Al. 

Biddeford, Me., Public Library, 
43 


Public Library, 


Bids on books and periodicals, 
75h 

Billings, Mont. Parmly Billings 
Memorial Library, 45, 68. 

Binding, expenditures for. See 
Books, periodicals, and bind- 
ing. 

Binghamton, N. Y., Public Li- 


INDEX 


brary, 36, 37, 39, 87, 114. 

Birmingham, Ala., Public Libra- 
ry. Advice of experts, 71; de- 
partments, 25; vacations, 143. 
Also pages 31, 32, 33, 34, 118, 
1219154. 

Black River Falls, Wis., Public 
LADrary, 02: 

Bloomfield, N. J., Public Libra- 
ry, 45. 

Board organization of public li- 
braries. See Trustees, 

Boards of education. See School 
board control of public libra- 
ries. 

Book collection, decentralization 
of. See Departmental libra- 
ries in colleges. 

Book committees. Of public li- 
brary staff members, 61-62. 
Of public library trus- 

tees, 60-61. 

Book drives, 77-79. 

Book funds of college libraries. 
Methods of apportionment, 
162-68, passim; 213-15. 

Divided funds, 214-17. 

Centralized funds, unap- 

portioned, 215, 217-20. 

Centralized funds, appor- 

tioned, 215, 220-22. 

Apportionment to schools 

and colleges, 222-24. 

Apportionment to 

jects, 224-25. 

Apportionment to depart- 

ments, 225-29. 

Departmental control, 
229-30. 

Book notes on new books, 72. 

Book orders. Information given 
borrowers concerning new 
books ordered, 73-74. 

Notices sent to readers 

concerning books recommend- 

ed, 66, 68, 231-32. 

On approval, 71-72. 




















sub- 














INDEX 


Book prices and discounts, 74- 
76. 

Book purchase, co-operative. 
Among small libraries, 64-65. 

In special fields, 58, 245- 





48. 

Book Review Club of Greater 
Boston, 63-64. 

Book reviews, forms used for, 
63-64, 69-70. 

Book selection for college libra- 
ries. (See also Departmental 
book purchases; Co-operation 
in book purchase.) Depart- 
mental and general purchases, 
230. 

Responsibility for selec- 

tion, 162-68, passim; 230-31. 

Recommendations from 

faculty and others, 231-32. 

General principles, 243- 

45 


Book selection for public libra- 
ries. (See also Co-operation 
in book purchase.) General 
principles, 53-54. 

Textbooks, 54-55. 

Restricted books, 55-57. 























Purchases in special 
fields, 57-59. 

“The final authority,” 
60-61. 


Staff co-operation, 61-62. 











Inter-library | co-opera- 
tion, 63-65. 
Recommendations from 


readers, 65-68. 


Appraisal of books by 
volunteers, 68-71. 


Books on approval, 71-72. 


Duplication and replace- 
ment, 72-73. 


Records of new acces- 
sions, 73-74. 


Prices and discounts, 74- 

















295 


Book showers, book weeks etc., 
77, 79. 

Books, periodicals, and binding 
in college libraries. (Statis- 
tics.) Expenditures compared 
with expenditures for salaries, 
203, 204, 206, 208, 209. 

Per capita expenditures, 
204, 205, 207, 208, 210. 

Books, periodicals, and binding 
in public libraries. (Statis- 
tics.) Percentage of total ex- 
penditures, 30, 33, 38, 43, 48. 

Boone, Ia., Ericson Public Li- 
brary, 44. 

Borrowers. See Registration. 

Borrowing privileges of staff. 
In college libraries, 274. 

In public libraries, 149- 








50. 

Boston, Mass., Public Library. 
Promotion tests, 119. Also 
pages 31, 32, 35, 92, 118, 140, 
141, 142, 146. 

Bradford, Pa., Carnegie Public 
Library, 45. 

Branch librarians in public libra- 
ries. Qualifications required, 
128. 

Salaries, 137-38. 

Branches of public libraries in 
colleges, 244-45. 

Brattleboro, Vt., Public Library, 
43, 

Bridgehampton, N. Y. Hampton 
Library, 49. 

Bridgeport, Conn., Public Libra- 
ry. Appointments, 127; book 
orders, 71; promotion tests, 
119; vacations, 143. Also 
pages 20, 33, 92, 115, 125, 142, 
148, 149. 

Brockton, Mass., Public Library, 
23, 36, 40, 41. 

Brookline, Mass., Public Libra- 
ry. Book recommendations, 





296 


68; fiction readers’ committee, 
69-71; replacements, 73; sta- 
tistics of accessions and book 
prices, 75-76. Also pages 23, 
SlKS2 ACs Oa a 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Public Library. 
Appointments, 115; intelligence 
tests, 124; promotion tests, 
120; study courses for staff 
members, 150. Also pages 23, 
31432033 34S Ose LOM Lao, 
148, 156, 245. 

Brown University. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 226; de- 
partmental libraries, 172, 173, 
184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190; 
gifts, 240, 241; intelligence 
tests, 259-60; library commit- 
tee, 160, 162. Also pages 197, 
199, 205, 242, 246, 249, 267, 
268, 270, 274, 275. 


Bryn Mawr College. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 173; 
gifts, 240; library committee, 
160, 162-63; residence hall li- 
braries, 239. Also pages 197, 
198, 199, 204, 205, 229, 232, 237, 
242, 258, 268, 269, 270, 274. 


Buffalo, N. Y., Public Library. 
Book notes, 72; staff training, 
152. Also pages 23, 31, 32, 35, 
SOD res om 

Buhl, Minn., Public Library, 46, 
47, 50. 

Burlingame, Calif., 
brary, 49. 

Butler, Pa., Public Library, 47. 


Public Li- 


G 
California. Certification of li- 
brarians under county free 


library law, 95-97; of school 
librarians, 97; under Cali- 
fornia Library Association, 


97-99. 


INDEX 





Graded service in county 

libraries, 1. 

Supervision of county li- 
braries, 17. 

California, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
226-27; departmental libraries, 
185, 186, 188, 190; duplication, 
238; exchanges, 249, 251-52; li- 
brary committees, 165. Also 
pages 197, 221, 230, 232. 

California Library Association, 
System of certification, 97-99. 

Cambridge, O., Public Library, 
47, 52. 

Cambridge City, Ind., Public Li- 
brary, 47, 50. 

Camden, Me., Public Library, 48. 

Camden, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary, 87. 

Campaigns for gifts, 77-79. 

Canastota, N. Y., Public Library, 
50. 

Canton, Mass., Public Library, 
43, 44. 

Canton, Pa., Green Free Library, 
49. 

Carleton College, 207. 

Carnegie Institute of Technol- 
ogy, 210, 211. 

Cataloging of new accessions, 
temporary, 232-37. 

Catalogs of departmental libra- 
ries in colleges, 190-91. 

Catholic University of America. 
Departmental libraries, 172. 
Also pages 197, 198, 199. 

Cedar Rapids, Ia., Public Libra- 
TVead: 


Central College, 210. 

Centralia, Ill., Public Library, 50. 

Centralization of administration 
of departmental college libra- 
ries, 191-94. 

Centralized book funds in col- 
lege libraries, 215, 217-29. 





INDEX 


Certification of librarians. Com- 
pulsory and voluntary systems, 
94-95. 





In California, 95-99. 
In Iowa, 99-102. 
— In New York, 102-5. 
— In Ohio, 105-6. 
— In Oklahoma, 106-8. 





In South Dakota, 108-10. 

In Tennessee, 110-11. 

Hi ssex as, wilt 

TOA AD LLL 

In Wisconsin, 111-13. 

Champaign, IIl., Public Library, 
43. 

Chariton, Ia., Free Public Libra- 
Cyaol: 

Charlestown, N. H. Silsby Free 
Public Library, 49. 

Charlotte, Mich. Free Public 
Library, 48. 

Chatfield, Minn., Public Library, 
49. 

Chattanooga, Tenn., Public Li- 
brary. Gifts, 78. Also pages 
Sonne, Los: 

Cheboygan, Mich., Carnegie Free 
Library, 49. 

Chicago, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 216- 
17; death benefit payments, 
276-77; departmental libraries, 
172, 173-74, 184, 185, 186, 188, 
189, 190, 191-92; exchanges, 
249, 251, 254, 255; library com- 
mittee, 163; library council, 
275; pensions, 277; report of 
committee on departmental li- 
braries, 169-70; rotation of 
work, 266; temporary catalog- 
ing of new accessions, 233. 
Also pages 197, 198, 199, 205, 
242, 246, 259, 266, 267, 268, 
269, 274, 275. 

Chicago, Ill, Public Library. 
Civil service examinations, 117, 
121; graded service, 129-31; 











297 


promotion tests, 120; staff in- 
struction, 150. Also pages 22, 
58, 71, 72, 87, 92, 114, 122; 139, 
141, 142, 247. 

Chicago Art Institute, 247. 

Chicago Historical Society, 247. 

Chippewa Falls, Wis., Public Li- 
brary, 50. 

Chisholm, Minn., Public Library, 
46, 47, 50. 

Cincinnati, 
269. 

Cincinnati, O., Public Library. 
Staff meetings, 154, 155. Also 
pages 22, 33, 34, 71, 92, 141, 
142, 144, 148. 

Circulation statistics of public 
libraries. Fiction percentage, 
31, 34, 39, 44, 49. 

In relation to expendi- 

tures, 30, 32, 37, 42, 47. 

Perrcapita 204 5l 3/042, 


University of, 195, 








47. 





Per registered borrower, 
31°35, 40; 46, 51. 

Citizens’ library committee in 
Indianapolis, 20. 

City manager control of public 
libraries, 17, 19-20, 114. 

Civil service in public libraries, 
87-90, 114, 116-17. 

Clark University, 220, 245. 

Classified service. See Graded 
service. 

Clemson College, 209. 

Cleveland, O., Public Library. 
Deposits, 85-86; gifts, 78; pro- 
motion tests, 120; sale of 
books, 82; staff book com- 
mittee, 62. Also pages 31, 32, 
94:935,0925 118;-122, 142: 

Cleveland Heights, O., Public 
Library, 41, 42, 45, 46. 

Colby College, 206, 207, 238, 240. 

Colgate University. Department- 
al libraries, 172, 174. Also 
pages 197, 198, 205. 


298 


College graduates, percentage of, 
among library employees. In 
college libraries, 263-64. 

In public libraries, 136. 

College study, recognition given 
for, 152-53. 

Colorado. Law providing for 
self-perpetuating boards in 
public libraries, 21. 

Colorado, University of. De- 
partmental libraries, 172, 174. 
Also pages 197, 198, 199, 205, 
206, 237, 269, 270, 273. 

Colorado College, 207, 258. 

Colorado Western State College, 
210: 

Columbia College, 210, 211. 

Columbia University. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 224; 
exchanges, 252. Also page 
246. 

Commission government and the 
public library, 17, 19-20, 114. 
Committee organization. In col- 
lege libraries. See Library 

committees. 

Of public library boards, 








22-24, 

Of school district public 
libraries, 18. 

Concordia College, 210. 

Conferences of library associa- 
tions, attendance at, 145-46, 
274-75. 

Connecticut College for Women, 
210, 211. 

Connecticut Historical 
245. 


Connecticut State Library, 246. 


Contagion leave, 147-48. See also 
Sick leave. 
Co-operation in book purchase. 


Among small libraries, 64-65. 
In special fields, 58, 245- 





Society, 





48. 
Cornell College, 207, 240. 


INDEX 


Cornell University. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 225; de- 
partmental libraries, 186, 188, 
189, 190. Also pages 197, 198, 
199, 

Coronado, Calif., Public Library, 
47, 50. 

“Cost of circulation,” lack of ac- 
curate data for computing, 30. 

Council Bluffs, Ia., Free Public 
Library, 43, 44, 56. 

County librarians. Certification 
requirements in California, 95- 
97; in Ohio, 105-6; in Ten- 
nessee, 110-11; in Texas, 111; 
melitaneLet: 

County libraries. Laws in Cali- 
fornia and Montana requiring 
a graded service, 91. 

County libraries controlled by 
county governing boards, 17. 
Coxsackie, N. Y., Heermance 

Memorial Library, 51. 


D 


Dallas, Tex., Public Library, 36, 
37, 38, 40, 41. 
Danbury, Conn., Library, 22, 43, 


44. 

Dansville, N. Y., Public Library, 
48, 49. 

Danvers, Mass. Peabody Insti- 
tute Library, 43, 44, 45. 

Danville, Ill, Public Library, 43, 
44, 

Dartmouth, Mass., Free Public 
Library, 46, 47, 48. 

Dartmouth College. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 174-175; 
library committee, 163. Also 
pages 197, 198, 204, 205, 206, 
230, 242, 267, 269, 274. 

Davenport, Ia. Public Library, 
36, 37, 30, 41, 74; 

Dayton, O., Public Library. Dis- 
position of duplicates and dis- 
cards, 82-83; “Friends of 


INDEX 


Reading,” 150-51; “library edu- 
cation fund,” 146. Also pages 
31, 32, 33, 34, 92, 139, 145. 

Decatur, Ill., Free Public Libra- 
ry, 39. 

Decentralization of book collec- 
tion. See Departmental libra- 
ries in colleges. 

Delavan, Ill. Ayer Public Libra- 
ry, 50. 

Delta, Colo., Public Library, 50. 

Denver, Colo., Public Library. 
Book recommendations, 68; 
departments, 25; deposits, 84; 
exchange of assistants, 153; 
policy in book selection, 57. 
Also pages 32, 144. 

Department heads in college li- 
braries. Salaries, 264-65. 

Department heads in public li- 
braries. Qualifications, 127. 

Salaries, 137-38. 


Departmental book funds. See 
Book funds of college libraries. 


Departmental book purchases in 
college libraries, 185-87, 214, 
229-31. 


Departmental librarians in col- 
lege libraries. Salaries, 264-65. 


Departmental libraries in col- 
leges. Difficulty of defining, 
168-70. 

Definitions adopted by 

the Survey, 170-71. 

Statistics, 172, 184. 

Reports from _ libraries, 

173-82. 

Extent of decentraliza- 

tion of books, 183-85. 

Purchases, 185-87, 214, 

229-30, 

Service, 187-90. 

Catalogs, 190-91. 

Centralization of admin- 

istration, 191-94. 

In small libraries, 194-95. 
































299 
Departmental organization of 
work. In college libraries, 
195-200. 


In public libraries, 24-26. 

Deposit, books accepted on. In 
college libraries, 243. 

In public libraries, 83-86. 

Derby, Conn., Public Library, 22, 
42, 44. 

Des Moines, Ia., Public Library. 
Staff meetings, 154,155. Also 
pages. 32, 33, 34, 69,92, 115, 
140, 144. 

Detroit, Mich., Public Library. 
Appointments, 125, 127, 128; 
promotion tests, 120; staff 
book collection, 148-49. Also 
PACES 22, OL JOO DOL Ly OZ, 
141, 146, 148, 247. 

Dickinson College, 208, 209, 269. 

Directors of public libraries. See 
Trustees. 

Discarded books, disposition of, 
in public libraries, 82-83. 

Discounts on books, 74-75. 

Divided book funds in college 
libraries, 214, 215-17. 

Division chiefs in public libra- 
ries. Qualifications, 127-28. 

Salaries, 137-38. 

Dixon, Ill., Public Library, 44. 


Doctor’s certificate required for 
sick-leave allowance, 148. 


Dormitory collections of college 
libraries, 239-40. 


Drake University, 208. 

Drexel Institute, 209. 

Dublin, Ga., Carnegie Library, 
47, 48. 

Duke University, 206, 207. 

Duluth, Minn., Public Library. 
Commission government, 19, 
114. Also pages 87, 88. 


Dunkirk, N. Y., Free Library, 
49. 











300 


Duplicates, disposition of. By 
exchange, 255-57. 

In college libraries, 242. 

In public libraries, 82-83. 

Duplication of books. In col- 
lege libraries, 237-40. 

In public libraries, 72-73. 

Duties of staff in public libraries, 


125-35. 











E 


East Cleveland, O., Public Li- 
brary, 41, 42, 43, 44. 

East Liverpool, O., Carnegie 
Public Library, 47, 48, 49. 

East Orange, N. J., Free Public 
Library. Appointments, 127; 
book notes, 72; promotion 
tests, 120. Also pages 36, 37, 
ADS OF S77, 292 116 eLIiStaL 22, 
123, 140. f 

East Rockaway, N. Y., Baiseley 
Free Library, 51. 

East St. Louis, Ill., Public Libra- 
ry, 42. 

Educational qualifications of li- 
brarians. (Stattstics.) In col- 
lege libraries, 263-64. 

In public libraries, 135-36. 

Efficiency records in public li- 
braries, 121-24. 

El Centro, Calif., Public Libra- 
ry. 46. 

Elective boards of public library 
trustees, 21. 

Eligible lists for promotion in 
public libraries, 118. 

Elizabeth, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary, 87. 

Ellington, Conn. 
rial Library, 49. 

Emory University, 207. 

Emporia College, 211. 

Enoch Pratt Free Library, Balti- 
mores Mj 22.03 a 52, pode oe 
35250) 





Hall Memo- 





INDEX 


Escondido, Calif., Public Libra- 
ry, 49. 

Eureka College, 195. 

Evanston, Ill, Public Library. 
Vacations, 143. Also pages 23, 
40, 74, 87, 88, 117. 

Evansville, Ind., Public Library. 
Book selection, 53; staff in 
struction, 151. Also pages 33, 
34, 74, 116, 150, 154. 

Eveleth, Minn., Public Library, 
46. 

Evening work. In college libra- 
ries, 266-67. 

In public libraries, 140. 

Everett, Wash., Public Library, 
43. 

Examinations in public libraries. 
Under civil service, 88-90, 114, 
116-17. 

For appointment of li- 

brarians, 114. 

For appointment of as- 

sistants, 116-18. 

For promotion, 119-21. 

Exchange of assistants between 
libraries, 153-54. 


Exchange of reports, bulletins, 
directories, etc., 86. See also 
Exchanges. 

Exchanges. Sources of material 
in university libraries, 248-50. 

Difficulties encountered, 














250. 





Organization and extent 
of service, 250-53. 


Basis of exchange, 253- 





54. 

—— Exchange records, 254-55. 

Exchange of duplicates, 
255-57. 

Expenditures of college libraries. 
(Statistics.) Proportionate 
amounts spent for (a) books, 
periodicals and binding, and 





INDEX 


(b) salaries, 203, 204, 206, 208, 
209. 





Per capita expenditures 
for books, periodicals, and 
binding, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210. 
Per capita expenditures 
for salaries, 204, 205, 207, 209, 
cABY 
Expenditures of public libraries. 
( Statistics.) Per capita expen- 
ditures, 29, 31, 36, 41, 46. 
Per volume circulated, 
30, 32, 37, 42, 47. 
Percentage spent for sal- 
aries, 30, 32, 38, 43, 48. 
Percentage spent for 
books, periodicals, and _ bind- 
ing, 30, 33, 38, 43, 48. 
Percentage spent for 
general maintenance, 30, 34, 
39, 44, 49. 
Experts, use of, in book selec- 
tion, 71. 

















F 


Faculty, number of in relation 
to size of staff needed in uni- 
versity libraries, 271-73. 

Faculty committees. See Libra- 
ry committees. 

Faculty participation in book se- 
lection for college libraries, 
231. See also Departmental 
book purchases. 

Faculty privileges in borrowing 
from college libraries, 274. 
Fairhope, Ala., Public Library, 

48, 49. 

Fairmont, Minn., Public Library, 
114. 

Fees of students in college libra- 
ries. For purchase of dupli- 
cates, 238-39. 


Fiction, duplication of, 72. 


Fiction circulation in public li- 
braries. Percentage of total 


301 


circulation, 31, 34, 39, 44, 49. 
(Statistics. ) 

Fiction reading committee in 
Brookline, 69-71. 

Field of purchase of large libra- 
ries, division of, 245-48. 

Financial statistics. See Expen- 
ditures. 

Findlay, O., Public Library, 49. 

Fitchburg, Mass., Public Library, 
37, 39, 40. 

Fitzgerald, Ga., Carnegie Libra- 
ry, 49. 

“Fixed minimum” system for re- 
placement of standard books, 
72-73. 

Bint Michie public Library. 
School board control, 18. Also 
pages 23, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114. 

Forbes Library, Northampton, 
Mass., 33, 35, 36, 140. 

Foreign libraries and societies, 
exchanges with, 251, 253. 

Fort Atkinson, Wis., Dwight 
Foster Public Library, 52. 

Fort Worth, Tex., Carnegie 
Public Library, 126. 

Friends of Reading, 
Public Library, 150-51. 


G 


Galesburg, Ill, Free Public Li- 
brary, 37, 39. 

Galion, O., Public Library, 52. 

Gallipolis, O., Public Library, 51. 

Galveston, Tex. Rosenberg Li- 
brary, 38, 39. 

Gardner, Mass. Levi Heywood 
Memorial Library, 43. 

Gary, Ind., Public Library, 24, 
33, 34, 92, 140, 154. 

Genealogy, purchase of, in pub- 
lic libraries, 57-59. 

Georgia School of Technology, 
210) 

Georgia State 
Women, 210, 211. 


Dayton 


College for 


302 


Gifts to college libraries, 240-43. 
Gifts to public libraries. Gen- 
eral solicitation, 76-77. 
Campaigns, 77-79. 
Individual solicitation, 79- 








80. 





Acceptance and acknowl- 

edgment, 80-82. 

Disposition of material 

not wanted, 80, 82-83. 

Conditional gifts and de- 
posits, 83-86. 

Glencoe, Ill., Public Library, 47. 

Glens Falls, N. Y., Crandall 
Free Library, 43, 44. 

Goucher College, 209. 

Graded service. At University 
of Washington, 260-63. 

In public libraries, 90-94, 











125. 





Of Chicago Public Libra- 

ry, 129-31. 

Of New York Public Li- 
brary, 131-35. 

Granby, Mass., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48. 

Grand Isle County, Vt., Inter- 
Library Loan Association, 64- 
65. 

Grand Rapids, Mich., Public Li- 
brary. Board meetings, 22; 
college study, 152, 153; depart- 
ments, 25; “service analysis,” 
123. Also pages 31, 32, 33, 34, 
393990,) 92, LIS 141 = 247, 

Great Bend, Kan., Public Libra- 
ry, 47, 51, 52. 

Great Falls, Mont. Public Li- 
brary, 45. 

Green Bay, Wis., Kellogg Public 
Library, 38, 39. 


Greene, N. Y. Moore Memorial 
Library, 50. 


Greensboro, N. C., Public Libra- 
ry, 43, 44. 


Greensboro College, 211. 





INDEX 


Greenville, O., Carnegie Library, 
51. 

Grinnell College. Temporary 
cataloging of new accessions, 
233-34. Also pages 206, 207, 
270. 

Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. 
Y. Promotion tests, 120. Also 
pages 24, 92, 141. 

Group insurance for library em- 
ployes, 275-77. 

Grove City College, 208, 209. 


H 


Hamilton, Mass., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48, 49. 

Hamilton College. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 175; sec- 
ondhand bookshop, 242. Also 
pages 204, 205, 242, 267, 274. 

Hanover College, 208, 209. 

Hanson, J. C. M. On centraliza- 
tion of administration in de- 
partmental libraries, 191-92. 

Harrisburg, Pa., Public Library, 
73 


Hartford, Conn., Public Library, 
MS 

Hartford County Bar Library, 
246. 

Hartford Medical Society Libra- 
ry, 246. 

Hartford Theological Seminary, 
246. 

Harvard University. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 220. 

Hatfield, Mass., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48. 

Haverford College, 207, 267. 

Havre, Mont., Public Library, 
114. 


Healdsburg, Calif., Carnegie Pub- 
lic Library, 50. 


Helena, Ark., Public Library, 51. 


Henry, William E. “A trial to- 
ward finding an adequate staff 


INDEX 


for a university library,” 270- 
73 
Hibbing, Minn., Public Library, 


44, 
Highland Park., Ill, Public Li- 
brary, 47. 
Highland Park, Mich. McGregor 
Public Library, 42, 44. 
Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania, 246. 
Holiday work. 
ries, 267-68. 
In public libraries, 140- 


In college libra- 





41. 

Hood College, 210. 

Hospital service, solicitation of 
gifts for, 76, 78. 

Hours of work. In college libra- 
ries, 265-68. 

In public libraries, 138-42. 

Houston, Tex., Public Library, 
39. 

Hudson, Mass., Public Library, 
50251. 





I 


Illinois, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 222; 
departmental libraries, 184, 185, 
186, 188, 189, 190; periodical 
subscriptions, 221. Also page 
2/3. 

Indiana, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 215- 
16; departmental libraries, 172, 
175. Also pages 197, 198, 199, 
205, 206, 237, 258, 273; 274. 

Indianapolis, Ind., Public Libra- 
ry. Appointments, 127, 128; 
book selection, 53, 54; depart- 
ments, 25; gifts, 76-77, 78-79, 
79-80; promotion principles, 
118-19; school board control, 
17, 18, 20; staff book commit- 
tee, 62; staff instruction, 151; 
staff meetings, 155; vacations, 
143. Also pages 22, 31, 32, 33, 


303 


soo A LAE 12 142 144 
149, 150, 154. 

Insurance of library employes, 
275-77. 

Intelligence tests, 124-25, 259-60. 

Inter-library co-operation in 
book selection, 63-65. 

Iowa, University of. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 217-18; 
departmental libraries, 172, 
175, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 
193-94; faculty book notice, 
231; library committee, 163. 
Also pages 197, 198, 199, 204, 
205, 206, 237, 243, 258, 267, 268, 
269, 273, 274, 275. 

Iowa City, Ia, Public Library, 
43, 45. 

Iowa Library Association. Sys- 
tem of certification, 99-102. 
Iowa State College of Agri- 
culture. Departmental libra- 

ries, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190. 

Iowa Wesleyan College, 209. 

Ironton, O. Briggs Library, 50, 
Bie 

Isle La Motte, Vt. Public Li- 
brary, 64. 


J 


Jacksonville, Fla., Free Public 
Library, 36, 37, 38, 39, 146. 
Jacksonville, Ill., Public Library, 

45. 

Jamestown, N. Y. James Pren- 
dergast Free Library, 44, 46. 
Janesville, Wis., Public Library. 
City manager government, 19. 

Also pages 45, 46. 

Jersey City, N. J., Free Public 
Library. Promotion tests, 120. 
Also pages 33, 34, 87, 92, 114, 
118, 122, 123, 141, 142, 147, 148. 

Jerseyville, Ill., Free Library, 50, 
Sh 

John Carter Brown Library, 
Providence, R. I. 246. 


304 


John Crerar Library, Chicago, 
Ill. Temporary cataloging of 
new accessions, 234. Also 
pages 22, 92, 141, 144, 148, 247. 

Johns Hopkins University. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
216. 

Joliet, Ill, Public Library, 37, 
38, 39, 146. 

Joplin, Mo., Free Public Library, 
141. 


K 


Kalamazoo, Mich., Public Libra- 
ry. School board control, 18. 
Also pages 36, 38, 39, 40, 92, 
114, 126. 

Kalamazoo College, 211. 

Kansas, University of. Depart- 
mental libraries, 184, 185, 186, 
188, 189, 191, 273. 

Kansas City, Mo., Public Libra- 
ry. School board control, 17, 
18. Also pages 22, 23, 69, 114, 
149. 

Kansas State Teachers’ College. 
Intelligence tests, 260. 


Kansas Wesleyan University, 
210, 211. 

Kaukauna, Wis., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48. 


Kenosha, Wis. Gilbert M. Sim- 
mons Library, 36, 37, 39, 41. 


Kentucky, University of, 195, 
206, 207, 269. 

Kenyon College, 269. 

Keokuk, Ia., Public Library, 42. 

Kilbourn, Wis., Public Library, 
46, 47, 50. 

Knox College, 208, 209. 


Knoxville, Tenn. Lawson Mc- 
Ghee Library. City manager 
government, 19; vacations, 143. 


Also pages 36, 37, 39, 115, 139, 
153: 





INDEX 


Koch, Theodore W. Inquiry in- 
to percentage of university in- 
come devoted to the library, 
211-12. 


Kokomo, Ind., Carnegie Public 
Library, 42, 45. 


GE 


Laconia, N. H., Public Library, 
44. : 

LaCrosse, Wis., Public Library, 
42, 

LaGrange College, 210. 

Lake George, N. Y. Caldwell- 
Lake George Public Library, 
47 


Lakewood, O., Public Library, 
41, 42, 43, 44. 

Leaves of absence. 
146-48, 270. 

For study or library visit- 
ing, 153-54. 

Lebanon, Ind., Public Library, 
68. 

Lebanon Valley College, 210, 
211. 

Lecture courses for staff mem- 
bers, 150-52. 

Lehigh University. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 227. Also 
pages 221, 267, 268, 270, 274. 

Lewiston, Me., Public Library, 
42, 44. 

Lexington, Ky., Public Library, 
41, 42, 45, 46. 

Librarians of college libraries. 
Appointment, 258-59. 

Salaries, 264-65. 

Librarians of public libraries. 
Appointment, 88, 113-15. See 
also Certification; Staff ap- 
pointments. 

Qualifications, 125-26. 

Salaries, 137-38. 


Sick leave, 











INDEX 


Library committees of college 





libraries. Purposes and ac- 
tivities, 159-62. 

Reports from libraries, 
162-67. 


In small libraries, 167-68. 

Participation in book se- 
lection, 230-31. 

Library Journal. Space offered 
for lists of duplicates and of 
wants, 255. 

EAptarvass0.t 
changes, 256. 

Library school graduates, per- 
centage of, among library em- 
ployes. In college libraries, 
263-64. 

In public libraries, 136. 

Lima Waaeublic J ibrary,.4/. 

Lincoln, Ill., Public Library, 45. 

Litchfield, Ill, Carnegie Publi 
Library, 48, 49, 51. 

Little Rock, Ark., Public Libra- 
ry eal. Ae, 

Local history, purchase of, in 
public libraries, 57-59. 


Long Beach, Calif., Public Li- 
brary. Appointments, 126; city 
manager government, 19, 114; 
intelligence tests, 116, 124; 
staff meetings for book selec- 
tion, 61; staff rating record, 
122; textbooks, 55. Also pages 
36,.37,240, 874.88,5 122, 

Los Angeles, Calif., Public Li- 
brary. Book drives 77-78; 
book review forms, 64; “manu- 
script biographies,’ 59. Also 
pages 22, 23, 54, 71, 87, 88, 92, 
140, 144, 152, 153, 154. 

Louisville, Ky., Free Public Li- 
brary. Departments, 26. Also 
pages 33, 34, 71, 75, 116, 142, 
144, 148, 149, 154. 

Louisiana College, 211. 

Luther College, 208, 209. 








Congress. Ex- 





305 


M 


McKeesport, Pa., Carnegie Free 
Library, 47. 

Madison, Wis., Free Library, 36, 
37, 40. 

Maine, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 227; 
duplication, 237-38. Also pages 
206, 208, 246, 266, 268, 269, 274. 

Maintenance of public libraries. 
(Statistics.) Percentage of 
total expenditures, 30, 34, 39, 
44, 49. 

Manchester College, 210. 

Manhattan, Kan., Carnegie Free 
Public Library, 51. 

Marquette, Mich. Peter White 
Public Library, 41, 42. 

Marshall College, 210, 211. 

Mason City, Ia., Public Library, 
41, 42, 45. 

Massachusetts. Exemption of 
librarians from civil service, 
88. 

Massillon, O., City School Dis- 
trict Library, 43, 44. 

Medical officer, St. Louis Public 
Library, 148. 

Memphis, Tenn. Cossitt Library, 
317336345 115.116.1422 5144 
Mendon, Mass. Taft Public Li- 

brary, 48. 

Mendon, Mich., Free Public Li- 
brary, 46. 

Mentor, O., Village Library, 49. 

Merit system in libraries. See 
Civil service; Graded service. 

Methuen, Mass. Nevins Mem- 
orial Library, 44, 45. 

Miami University, 206, 207. 

Michigan, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
222-23; departmental libraries, 
172, 175-76, 184, 185, 186, 188, 
189, 191; duplication, 238; ex- 
changes, 249, 251, 252, 254; li- 
brary committees, 165-66; tem- 


306 


porary cataloging of new ac- 
cessions, 234-35. Also pages 
197, 198, 199, 205, 206, 221, 229, 
243, 247, 267, 268, 269, 270, 
274, 275. 

Michigan State Historical Com- 
mission, 247. 

Michigan State Library, 247. 

Middlebury College, 269. 


Middletown, N. Y. Thrall Li- 
brary, 87, 88. 

Middletown, O., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48, 49. 


Milford, Mass., Town Library, 
41, 42, 43, 44. 

Mills College, 208, 209. 

Milton College, 210, 211. 

Milwaukee-Downer College, 211. 

Minneapolis, Minn., Public Li- 
brary. Appointments, 127, 128; 
promotion principles, 119; 
staff meetings, 155. Also pages 
58, 92, 142, 154. 

Minnesota, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
227-28; departmental libraries, 
172, 176-77, 184, 187, 188, 189, 
191, 192-93; exchanges, 249, 
25462524254, 2559250) webs 7s oi1- 
brary committee, 163-64; tem- 
porary cataloging of new ac- 
cessions, 235. Also pages 197, 
199, 205, 221, 237, 246, 266, 267, 
268, 269, 270, 273, 274. 

Missouri, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 217, 
223; departmental libraries, 
172, 177, 184, 187, 191. Also 
pages 197, 205, 206, 237, 243, 
245, 269, 270, 273, 274. 

Montana. Graded service re- 
quired in county libraries, 91. 

Supervision of county 

libraries, 17. 

Montana, University of, 207, 
267, 268. 

Montana State College, 208, 270. 





INDEX 


Montclair, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary, 41, 42, 141. 

Moscow, Idaho, Public Library, 
51. 

Mount Holyoke College. Resi- 
dence hall libraries, 239. Also 
pages 206, 207, 240, 259, 267, 
268. 

Mount Union College, 208, 209. 

Mount Vernon, N. Y., Public Li- 
brary, 36, 37, 87. 

Mount Vernon, O., Public Li- 
brary, 48. 

Mountain Iron, Minn., 
Library, 46,°4/ 4522 
Muncie, Ind., Public Library, 38, 

39. 

Muskegon, Mich., Hackley Pub- 
lic Library. School board con- 
trol, 18, 114. 

Muskingum College, 211. 

Muskogee, Okla., Public Library, 
44. 


Public 


N 


Nashville, Tenn., Carnegie Li- 
brary,/'31, 32,735,936, "iGeira: 
142, 143, 150. 

National City, Calif., Public Li- 
brary, 48. 

Nebraska, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 218; 
departmental libraries, 184, 
187, 188, 190, 191. Also pages 
197, 204, 205, 206, 273. 

Nebraska Wesleyan University, 
211. 


Nevada City, Calif., Free Libra- 
ry, 48, 49. 
New Bedford, Mass., Free Pub- 


lic Library. Book selection, 
53. Also pages 139, 146. 


New Britain, Conn., Institute 
Library, 37, 40. 

New Brunswick, N. J., Free 
Public Library, 42. 


INDEX 


New Castle, Pa., Free Public Li- 
brary, 47. 

New Gloucester, Me., Public Li- 
brary, 48, 49. 

New Harmony, Ind. Working- 
men’s Institute Library, 43, 44. 

New Haven, Conn., Free Public 
Library, 26, 33, 34, 68-69, 71, 
87, 88, 144, 149, 150. 

New London, N. H., Town Li- 
brary, 48. 

New Mexico, University of, 210, 
Zils 

New Orleans, La., Public Libra- 
Byte lye) dy 04, 00 

New Rochelle, N. Y., Public Li- 
brary. Civil service examina- 
tions, 117; promotion tests, 
120. Also pages 22, 36, 37, 39, 
40, 87, 116, 139. 

New York (State). Certifica- 
tion of librarians, 102-5. 

New York, N. Y., Public Libra- 
ry. Appointments, 115 ; efficiency 
ratings, 124; examinations, 
121; exchanges, 254, 255, 256; 
graded service, 131-135; pro- 
motion principles, 119; promo- 
tion tests, 120; staff instruc- 
tion, 151. Also pages 20, 23, 
32, 35, 79, 84, 92, 118, 140, 141, 
142, 145, 146, 148, 154, 156, 244, 
246. 

New York State Library. Ex- 
changes, 256, 257. 


Newark, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary, 87. 

Newark, O., Public Library, 47, 
49. 

Newark Valley, N. Y. Tappan- 
Spaulding Memorial Library, 
51. 

Newberry Library, Chicago, IIl. 
Temporary cataloging of new 


accessions, 235. Also pages 
141, 143, 247. 


307 


Newton, Mass., Free Library, 31, 
33, 35, 141, 146, 148. 

North Carolina, University of. 
Departmental libraries, 172, 
177-78, 184, 187, 188, 191; ex- 
changes, 249. Also pages 204, 
ps2, 241,°20l, 2/4. 

North Carolina College for Wo- 
men, 208, 209, 230. 

North Dakota, University of, 
195, 270, 274. 

North Dakota Agricultural Col- 
lege, 208, 209. 

North Hero, Vt., Public Library, 
64. 

Northampton, Mass. See Forbes 
Library. 

Northeastern University, 
RIAD Y 

Northwestern University. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
223; departmental libraries, 
172, 178, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191; 
library committee, 164. Also 
pages 197, 199, 229, 242, 249, 
Doe 20) eS 12/5, 21 4 eso, 

Notre Dame, University of. De- 
partmental libraries, 172, 178. 
Also pages 197, 199, 267, 270. 


O 


Oakland, Calif., Free Public Li- 
brary. Book drives, 77; de- 
partments, 26. Also pages 22, 
23, 87, 92, 122, 142, 144°: 147, 
148. 

Oberlin College, 172, 197, 205, 
206, 256, 267. 

Ogden, Utah., Free Library, 42, 
43, 45. 

Ohio. Certification of librarians, 
105-6; control of school dis- 
trict public libraries, 17. 

Ohio State University. Depart- 
mental libraries, 184, 187, 188, 
190, 191. Also page 268. 

Ohio Wesleyan University. De- 


195, 


308 


partmental libraries, 172, 178- 
79; woman’s branch library, 
239-40. Also pages 197, 205, 
206, 2069. 

Oklahoma. Certification of h- 
brarians, 106-8. 

Oklahoma, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
223-24. 

Oklahoma Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College, 208, 209. 

Oklahoma City, Okla., Carfiegie 
Library, 43, 44, 87. 

Olivet College, 208, 209. 

Omaha, Neb., Public Library, 
20,31," 32,34) 69. 

Oregon, University of. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 217, 
218-19; departmental libraries, 
172, 179; duplication, 238; li- 
brary committees, 166. Also 
pages 197, 198, 199, 205, 206, 
230, 243, 274, 275. 

Oregon State Agricultural Col- 
lege, 206, 240, 269, 275. 

Overtime work in public libra- 
ries, 141-42. 

Owatonna, Minn., Public Libra- 
ry. Library club, 79. 

Oxford, N. Y. Memorial Libra- 
PVroa! 

Oxnard, Calif., Public Library, 
47, 50. 


BR 


Pamphlets. Acknowledgment of 
material received as gifts, 82, 
242. 

On local history, 58. 

Solicitation of free ma- 
terial, 79-80, 241. 

Pana, Ill. Carnegie-Schuyler Li- 
brary, 50. 

Pasadena, Calif., Public Library. 
City manager government, 19. 
Also pages 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 
40. 








INDEX 


Paterson, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary. 877,423: 

Pennsylvania, University of. 
Apportionment of book funds, 
228-29; departmental libraries, 
172, 179; duplication, 238-39 ; 
exchanges, 253; gifts, 240; 
group insurance, 275-76; libra- 
ry committee, 164. Also pages 
197, 199, 205, 206, 221, 246, 
267, 268, 270, 274, 275. 

Pennsylvania State College. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
224. Also pages 206, 207, 266, 
209. 

Pensions, 277. 

Peoria, Ill. Public Library, 32, 
34, 35. 

Per capita circulation of public 
libraries, 29, 31, 3/,w42eea7: 
( Statistics.) 

Per capita expenditures of pub- 
lic libraries, 29, 31, 36, 41, 46. 
( Statistics.) 

Periodical subscriptions. 
lege libraries, 221. 

In public libraries, 75. 


In col- 





Periodicals, expenditures for. 
See Books, periodicals and 
binding. 


Periodicals, gifts of, 76, 81. 

Periodicals, solicitation of. 79- 
80, 241. 

Peru, Ill, Public Library, 47, 51. 

Physical examinations, 148. 

Physician’s certificate required 
for sick-leave allowance, 148. 

Pittsburgh, Pa. Carnegie Li- 
brary of. Book selection, 54; 
staff instruction, 151. Also 
pages '33, 35;'83,592> 1157a14) 

Pittsburgh, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
216. Also pages 195, 206, 207, 
267 7209 2275: 

Plattsburgh, N. Y., Public Li- 
brary, 87. 


INDEX 


Pomona, Calif., Public Library, 
23,190) 37,00, 39 40,92, 140, 

Pomona College, 209. 

Pontiac, Ill, Public Library, 50. 

Port Arthur, Tex., Memorial Li- 
brary, 48, 49, 51. 

Port Henry, N. Y. Sherman 
Free Library, 48. 

Portland, Ore., Library Associa- 
tion of. Textbooks, 55. Also 
pages 20, 58, 69, 71, 72, 74, 92, 
118, 125, 141, 149, 154. 

Pottsville, Pa. Free Public Li- 
brary, 43. 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Adriance 
Memorial Library, 37, 38, 39, 
A). 87, 114, 117. 

Pratt Institute Free Library, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. Staff com- 
mittee for book selection, 61- 
62.. Also pages 35, 73, 145. 

Prices and discounts on books, 
74-76. 

Princeton University. Appor- 
tionment of book funds, 219; 
departmental libraries, 172, 
179, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191; 
library committees, 166; tem- 
porary cataloging of new ac- 
cessions, 235-36. Also pages 
197, 199, 204, 205, 237, 246, 249, 
250 a 2OiM 206, 12/0, 2274. 1275: 

Problem method in promotional 
tests, 120-21. 

Proctor, Vt., Free Library, 50. 

Professional training. See 
Training of librarians. 

Promotions, rules governing, at 
University of Washington, 
262-63. 

Promotions in public libraries. 
Under civil service, 88-90. 

General principles, 118-19. 

Examinations, 119-21. 

— Efficiency records, 121- 
24. 











Intelligence tests, 124-25. 


309 
Providence, R. I., Athenaeum, 
2406. 
Providence, R. I., Public Libra- 
ry, 246. 
Public library branches in col- 
leges, 244-45. 


Pueblo, Colo., McClelland Pub- 
lic Library, 41. 
Puget Sound College, 210. 


Q 
Qualifications for appointment. 
At the University of Wash- 
ington, 260-62. 
In public libraries, 125- 





Sos 

Queens Borough, N. Y., Public 
Library, 33, 34, 69, 92, 118, 120, 
148. 

Queens College, 210. 


R 


Racine, Wis., Public Library, 38, 
29. 

Radcliffe College, 160, 206, 207, 
220, 267, 269. 

Recommendations for book pur- 
chases. In college libraries, 
Bo tes2: 

In public libraries, 65-71. 

Red Bluff, Calif. Herbert Kraft 
Free Public Library, 47. 

Redondo Beach, Calif., 
Library, 47. 

Registration statistics of public 
libraries. Percentage of popu- 
lation registered as borrowers, 
31, 35, 40, 45, 50. 

Circulation per registered 
borrower, 31, 35, 40, 46, 51. 
Replacement of books in public 

libraries, 72-73. 
Required reading, duplication of 


books for. In college  li- 
braries, 237-40. 


In public libraries, 72. 





Public 








310 


Reserve books in college libra- 
ries. Duplication of copies, 
237-40. 

Residence hall libraries in col- 
leges, 239-40. 

Restricted books in public libra- 
ries, 55-57. 

Retiring funds, 277. 

Reynolds Library, 
INDY eee 

Rhode Island Historical Society, 
246. 

Richfield Springs, N. Y., Public 


Rochester, 


Library, 49. 

Richmond, Calif., Public Libra- 
ry, 41, 42, 46. 

Richmond, Ind.  Morrisson- 


Reeves Library, 38, 114. 

Ridgefarm, Ill. Carnegie Libra- 
ry, 46. 

Ridgewood, N. J. George L. 
Pease Memorial Library, 46, 
47. 

Ripon College, 208, 209. 

Riverside, Calif., Public Library, 
23, 144, 150. 

Rochester, University of. De- 
partmental libraries, 184, 185, 
187, 188, 190, 191. 

Rochester, N. Y., Public Library. 
Civil service examinations, 
116; sick leave, 147; staff 
meetings, 155. Also pages 87, 
120, 140, 154. 


Rockford, Ill, Public Library, 
38 


Rotation of work, 140, 266. 


Russell Sage Foundation Libra- 
ty¥7 255: 
Rutland, Vt., Free Library, 44. 


S 


Sabbatical year, 270. 


Saco, Me. Dyer Library Asso- 
ciation, 65. 











INDEX 


Sacramento, Calif., City Free 
Library. Appointments, 115, 
126; city manager government, 
19, 114; temporary cataloging 
of new accessions, 236. Also 
pages 32, 33, 345, 35,36, 6144: 
148, 154. 

Saginaw, Mich., Public Libra- 
ries, 24. 

St. Joseph, Mo., Public Library, 
23;<38; 92, I2 el 22 el ae 

St. Louis, Mo., Public Library. 
Appointments, 116; book 
recommendations, 67; deposits, 
83; examinations, 121; ex- 
changes, 256, 257; promotions, 
118, 119; recognition. of col- 
lege study, 153; textbooks, 55. 
Also pages 23, 32, 35, 56, 69, 
72,15, 079, 92) 115, aaa 
148, 154, 244. 

St. Paul, Minn., Public Library. 
Appointments, 114, 126; com- 
mission government, 19-20, 114. 
Also pages 33, 34, 58, 72,775, 
87, 88, 92, 120, 142, 144. 

St. Peter, Minn., Public Library, 
50, 51. 

Salaries in college libraries. 
(Statistics.) Expenditures, 
compared with expenditures 
for books, periodicals and 
binding, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209. 

Per capita expenditures, 

204, 205, 207, 209, 211. 

Minimum, maximum, and 
average salaries for different 
positions, 264-65. 

Salaries in public libraries. (Sta- 
tistics.) Percentage of total 
expenditures, 30, 32, 38, 43, 48. 

Minimum, maximum, and 
average salaries for different 
positions, 137-38. 

Salary increases. 
tions. 


See Promo- 


INDEX 


Salary schedules. At the Uni- 
versity of Washington, 260-62. 
Chicago Public Library, 

129-31. 

New York Public Libra- 
ry, 131-35. 

Sale of duplicates and gifts, 82, 
242. 

Salem, Mass., 
37, 39, 141. 
Salt Lake City, Utah, Public 
Library, 22623,752,933, 034,139, 

140, 154. 

San Antonio, Tex., Carnegie Li- 
brary, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41. 

San Bernardino, Calif., 
Public Library, 42. 

San Bernardino County, Calif., 
Free Library, 92. 

San Diego, .Calif.,. Public Li- 
brary. Civil service examina- 
tion, 116, 117; promotion tests, 
120; staff meetings, 155; text- 
books, 55. Also pages 24, 31, 
eget, | 100s 190; Koso OZ, 
118, 122, 142, 144, 154. 

San Francisco, Calif., Public Li- 
Draty 2020, 31) 33, 585:92,116, 
118, 141, 144, 146. 

San Luis Obispo, Calif., 
Public Library, 49. 

Santa Barbara, Calif., Free Pub- 
lic Library, 146. 

Santa Monica, Calif., Public Li- 
brary, 45, 46. 

Santa Rosa, Calif., Free Public 
Library, 43, 44. 


Sauk Centre, Minn. 
brary, 49. 

Savannah, Ga., Public Library. 
Book recommendations, 68. 
Also pages 42, 43, 44, 153. 

Schedules, staff. See Hours of 
work. 

Schemes of service. 
service. 








Public Library, 


Free 


Free 


Bryant Li- 


See Graded 


311 


School board control of public 
libraries, 17, 18-19, 113-14. 

School librarians. Certification 
requirements in California, 97. 

School textbooks, purchase of, 
in public libraries, 54-55. 

Schuylerville, N. Y., Free Li- 
brary, 50. 

Scottdale, O., Free Public Li- 
brary, 48. 

Scranton, Pa., Public Library, 
36, 37, 38, 39) 40) 41. 

Seattle, Wash., Public Library. 
Book recommendations 67, 68; 
departments, 26; deposits, 84- 
85; personal efficiency record, 
122; staff meetings, 61, 156. 
Also pages 23, 33, 92, 141, 148, 
149, 154. 

Sedalia, Mo., Public Library, 43, 
46 


Self-perpetuating boards of pub- 
lic libraries, 20-21. 

Seminar libraries. See Depart- 
mental libraries. 

Sex hygiene, purchase and use 
of books on, in public libraries, 
56-57. 

Seymour, Conn., Public Library, 
52, 

Sherman, N. Y., Minerva Free 
Library, 47. 

Sherman, Tex., Public Library, 
47, 52. 

Shurtleff College, 210, 211. 

Sick-leave, time granted for, 
146-48, 270. 

Simmons College, 208, 209, 266. 

Simpson College, 211. 


Sioux City, Ia., Public Library, 
24, 38, 39, 41, 115. 

Sidtx Halls’ so.) D..8 Carmerie 
Free Public Library, 45, 46. 
Skowhegan, Me. Free Public 

Library, 48, 49. 
Smith College, 258, 266, 267, 268. 


B12 

Solicitation for gifts. In col- 

lege libraries, 240-42. 

In public libraries, 76-80. 

Somerville, Mass., Public Libra- 
try. Book selection, 53, 54, 66; 
examinations, 121; “personal 
experience rating,’ 124; scheme 
of service, 92, 93; textbooks, 
55; vacations, 144. Also pages 
34, 35, 69, 120, 149. 

South Dakota, University of. 
Apportionment of book funds, 
224. Also pages 206, 207, 258. 

South Dakota Library Associa- 
tion. System of certification, 
108-10. 

South Dakota State College, 232. 

South Paris, Me., Public Libra- 
ry, 47, 48. 

Sparta, Wis., Free Library, 50. 

Springfield, Il. Lincoln Library, 
37, 39, 92. 

Springfield, O. Warder Public 
Library, 41, 42, 45. 

Springfield, Vt., Town Library, 
Gp 

Staff, size of.) WeE. Henry, “A 
trial toward finding an ade- 
quate staff for a university li- 
brary,” 270-73. 

Staff appointments in college li- 
braries. By library committee, 
162-68, passim. 

Appointment of librarian, 

258-59. 

Appointment of 

members, 259. 

Intelligence tests, 259-60. 

Qualifications, 260-62. 

Staff appointments in public li- 








staff 














braries. (See also Promo- 
tions.) Under civil service, 
87-90, 114, 116-17. 

Under graded service, 
90-94. 





Certification systems, 94- 


113, 


INDEX 


Appointment of librarian, 
113-15. 








Appointment of assist- 
ants, 115-16. 
Examinations, 116-18. 





Required duties and 

qualifications, 125-29. 

Classification in Chicago 
and New York, 129-35. 

Staff book committees, 61-62. 

Staff borrowing privileges. In 
college libraries, 274. 

In public libraries, 149-50. 

Staff collection of books, 148-49. 

Staff efficiency records, 121-24. 

Staff insurance, 275-77. 

Staff meetings. In college libra- 
ries, 275. 

In public libraries, 61-62 
(for book selection) ; 154-56. 

Staff reading, 148-50. 

Staff schedules. See Hours of 
work. 

Staff study. Courses conducted 
by library, 150-52. 

Opportunities for taking 
college work, 152-53. 

Standards in book selection. In 
college libraries, 243-44. 

In public libraries, 53-54. 

Stanford University. Apportion- 
ment of book funds, 229; de- 
partmental libraries, 184, 185, 
187, 188, 190, 191. Also page 
273: 

State Historical Society of Mis- 
souri, 245. 

Statistical tables, explanation of. 
For college libraries, 203-4. 

For public libraries, 28- 


























oO 
Statistics. Of college libraries, 
201-12. 
Of public libraries, 27-52. 
Statistics, significance of, for 


comparison of libraries, 27-28, 


30, 201-3. 


INDEX 


Sterling, Ill, Public Library, 47, 
48. 

Sterling, Mass., Public Library, 
48 


Stockton, Calif., Public Library. 
City manager government, 19, 
114. 

Stockton, N. Y. Mary E. Sey- 
mour Memorial Library, 46, 
47, 48. 

Student assistants in college li- 
braries, 267-68. 

Students, number of, in relation 
to size of staff needed in uni- 
versity libraries, 271-73. 

Students’ fees in college libra- 
ries. For purchase of dupli- 
cates, 238-39. 

Study courses for staff members, 
150-52. 

Suggestion box for recommen- 
dations of books, 65. 

Sunday work. In college libra- 
ries, 267-68. 

In public libraries, 140- 





41, 

Superior, Neb., Public Library, 
47, 50. 

Superior, Wis., Public Library, 
38. 


Syracuse, University of. De- 
partmental libraries, 185, 187, 
189, 190, 191. 

Syracuse, N. Y., Public Library. 
Civil service examinations, 
114, 116; gifts, 80. Also pages 
72, 87, 148. 


4y 


Tacoma, Wash., Public Library. 
Appointments, 128; book se- 
lection, 54; textbooks, 55. Also 
pages 24, 32, 92, 149, 154. 

Tampa, Fla., Public Library, 42. 

Tardiness, penalties for, 142. 

Taylorville, Ill., Public Library, 
48. 





313 


Temporary records of new ac- 
cessions, 73-74, 232-37. 

Tennessee. Certification of li- 
brarians, 110-11. 

Tennessee, University of, 207, 
268, 269, 275. 

Terre Haute, Ind. Emeline 
Fairbanks Memorial Library, 
22, 24, 37, 38, 39, 40, 114. 

Texas. Certification of 
rians, 111. 

Supervision of 
libraries, 17. 

Texas, University of. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 179, 184, 


libra- 


county 


185, 187, 189, 190, 191. Also 
pages 197, 199, 274, 275. 
Texas Agricultural and Me- 


chanical College, 211. 

Texas Christian University, 208. 

Textbooks, purchase of, in pub- 
lic libraries, 54-55. 

Thesis required in promotional 
tests, 120-21. 

Thompsonville, Conn. Enfield 
Free Public Library, 50. 

Thorntown, Ind., Public Library, 
Be, 

Time limitations on books bor- 
rowed by staff members. In 
college libraries, 274. 

In public libraries, 149- 





Time lost from work, 141-42, 
268. 

Time sheets, 142, 268. 

(Poledo, Ole Public biprary. 
Gifts, 78, 81; sick leave, 147; 
staff instruction, 151; text- 
books.655 7 vacations-9 L4o: 


Alsom pages. 23, 925 1i8a20, 
149. 

Training class graduates, per- 
centage of, among library em- 
ployes. In college libraries, 
263-64. 

In public libraries, 136. 





314 


Training of librarians. (Sta- 
tistics.) In college libraries, 
263-64. 

In public libraries, 135-36. 

Transylvania College, 209. 

Trenton, N. J., Free Public Li- 
brary, 87. 

Troy; N.Y.) Public Library, 36; 
37,8 Soph 

Trustees of public libraries. Off- 
cial designation of, 17. 

Self-perpetuating boards, 








20-21. 

Methods of appointment 
or election, 21. 

Frequency of meetings, 








He 





Committee organization, 
22-24: 

Participation in book se- 
lection, 60-61. 

Appointment of librarian, 
113-14. 


Appointment 
ants, 115-16. 


Tufts College, 206, 208, 267. 


Tulsa, Okla., Public Library, 42, 
45. 








of assist- 





U 


Umatilla County, Ore., Library, 
92. 

University income, percentage 
of, devoted to the library, 211- 
12 

University of Southern Cali- 
fornia, 208, 209. 

University of the South, 209. 

University Place, Neb., Public 
Library, 48. 

Upland, Calif., Public Library, 
47. 

Urbana, Ill, Free Library, 43, 
44, 46. 

Utah. Certification of librarians, 
11h 


INDEX 


Utah, University of, 206, 207. 
Utica, N. Y., Public Library, 31, 
32633034 


Vi 


Vacations. In college libraries, 


268-70. 
In public libraries, 142- 





45, 

Vallejo, Calif., Public Library, 
44, 46. 

Vassar College, Departmental li- 
braries, 172, 180; library com- 
mittees, 166; temporary cata- 
loging of new accessions, 236- 
37. Also pages 196, 197, 205, 
206, 220, 267, 269, 270, 274. 

Ventura County, Calif., County 
Free Library, 92. 

Vermont, University of, 269. 

Virginia, University of, 197, 198. 

Virginia, Minn., Public Library, 
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. 

Volunteer readers, appraisal of 
books by, 68-71. 


W 


Wakefield, Mass. Lucius Beebe 
Memorial Library, 41, 42. 

Walpole, Mass., Public Library, 
52 


Walter, Frank K. Report on de- 
partmental libraries, 168-69, 
183-91. 
Warren, O., Public Library, 42. 
Warrensburg, N. Y., Richards 
Library, 48, 49. 
Washington (State). Law 
governing appointment of pub- 
lic library employes, 90-91. 
Washington, D. C. Public Li- 
brary of the District of Co- 


lumbia. Appointments, 126, 
127, 128; local history, 58; 
staff instruction, 152. Also 


pages 23, 31, 32,33, 34)%oaseaem 
72, 73, 79, 92, 115, 139, 149, 150. 


INDEX 


Washington, State College of. 
Apportionment of book funds, 
216; departmental libraries, 
172, 181. Also pages 197, 199, 
205, 240, 242, 259, 267, 269. 

Washington, University of. Ap- 
portionment of book funds, 
224; departmental libraries, 
172, 180; duplication, 238; 
graded salary schedule, 260- 
63; library committee, 164; 
periodical subscriptions, 221. 
Also pages 197, 199, 204, 205, 
PUG ee eol. 259% (26/2209, 
213-214, 275: 

Washington and Jefferson Col- 
lege, 208. 

Washington and Lee University, 
195, 207, 208. 

Washington University. De- 
partmental libraries, 172, 180- 
81, 184, 187, 189, 190, 191; li- 
brary committee, 164. Also 
pages 197, 199, 204, 205, 206, 
237, 243. 

Waterbury, Conn. 
son Library, 22. 

Waterloo, Ia., Public Library, 43, 
44 


Silas Bron- 


Watertown, Mass., Free Public 
Library, 37, 39, 41. 

Watkinson Library of Refer- 
ence, Hartford, Conn., 246. 

Wausau, Wis., Public Library, 
43, 45. 

Wellesley College. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 181-82; 
library committees, 166-67. Al- 
so pages 196, 197, 199, 205, 
229, 258, 267, 270, 274. 

Wenatchee, Wash. Carnegie 
Public Library, 47, 48. 


Wesleyan College, 210. 


Wesleyan University. Depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 182. Al- 
so page 204. 


315 


West Allis, Wis., Public Library, 
50. 

West Bridgewater, Mass., Public 
Library, 49. 

West Virginia University, 
206, 207, 258. 

West Warwick, R. I., Pawtuxet 
Valley Free Library, 46, 47, 48. 

Westerly, R. I., Public Library. 
“Suggestion Box,” 65. Also 
pages 22, 24. 

Western Maryland College, 210, 
211. 

Western Reserve University Col- 
lege for Women, 208, 209, 270. 

Westminster College, 210, 211. 

Weymouth, Mass., Tufts Libra- 
ry, 43. 

Whitman College, 269. 

Wichita, Kan., City Library, 43. 

Wilkinsburg, Pa., Carnegie Free 
Library, 51: 

Williamsport, Pa. 
Brown Library, 45. 

Willows, Calif., Free Public Li- 
brary, 46. 

Wilmington, Del., Institute Free 
Library. Campaign for books 
for hospital service, 78; self- 
perpetuating board, 20; book 
selection, 53. Also pages 26, 
69, 74, 149. 

Wilmington, Mass., Public Li- 
brary, 49. 

Wilmington, N. C., Public Li- 
brary, 47. 

Winchester, 
brary, 45. 

Winona, Minn., Free Public Li- 
brary, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46. 

Winston-Salem, N. C. Carnegie 
Public Library, 49, 50. 

Wisconsin. Certification of li- 
brarians, 111-13. 

Wisconsin, University of. De- 
partmental libraries, 184, 187, 
189, 190, 191. 


195, 


James V. 


Mass., Public Li- 


316 


Wittenberg College, 208, 209. 

Woodstock, Ill, Public Library, 
49, 

Woodstock, Vt. Norman Wil- 
liams Public Library, 22. 

Worcester, Mass., Free Public 
Library. Salary increases for 
college work, 153; staff meet- 
ings, 156; vacations, 143. Also 
pages 34, 58, 92, 116, 120, 125, 
144, 147, 154, 245. 

Worcester County Law Library, 
245. 

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 
245. 

Work, hours of. 
braries, 265-68. 


In college li- 


INDEX 


In public libraries, 138- 





42. 


Wyandotte, 
brary, 47. 


Wyoming, University of, 207. 


Mich., Public Li- 


y. 


Yale University. Apportionment 
of book funds, 219; depart- 
mental libraries, 172, 182, 184, 
185, 187, 189, 190, 19Tseex= 
changes, 249, 251, 252-53, 254, 
255; library committee, 164-65. 
Also pages 197, 198, 205, 267, 
268, 270, 274, 275. 

Yonkers, N. Y., Public Library, 
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 87. 





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